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Chapter 3
Cell Structure and Function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell | Basic Unit of structure and function of all living organisms |
| Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane | cell's outer surface separating the intracellular compartment from the extracellular compartment |
| Cytoplasm = | cytosol (cellular fluid) + organelles |
| cytosol | living protoplasm it is water plus dissolved and suspended components |
| cytoplasm is site of many ___________ | reactions especially the splitting of glucose molecues to release and store energy |
| nucleus boundary | nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores |
| nucleolus | spherial concentrations of RNA which form ribosomes |
| Chromatin | DNA + proteins condense to form chromosomes during division |
| DNA is blueprint for all _____ synthesis | protein |
| Ribosomes | site of protein synthesis may be attached to ER or floating free in cytosol |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | network fo membrane enclosed channels in the form of flattened sacs or tubules |
| golgi complex | flattened sacuoles called cisternae are for packaging finished proteins during synthesis |
| lysosomes | membrane bound vessicles of hydrolytic enzymes involved with intracellular digestion. higher activity of cell destruction with age |
| mitochondria | houses of cellular respiration |
| what provides surface area for mitochondria reactions | internal membraneous folds or cristae |
| owhat is required for respiration reactions to continue and run efficiently | oxygen |
| cellular respiration explain | the molecules resulting from splitting glucoses move into the mitochondria where a series of multiple reactions result in energy being extracted and stored int eh form of ATP molecules |
| cytoskeleton-microtubules | hollow tubes of protein |
| microfilaments | slender protein strands for support and movement |
| lipid component of cell membrane types | phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids |
| how is cell membrane formed | forms a bilayer with hydrophobic fatty acid tails of lipid molecules forming central core of bilayered sheet and hydrophillic heads directed toward aqueous environment inside of outside the cell |
| what is the purpose of plasma membrane | impermeability of membrane to most water soluble molecules (ions, sugars), allows movement of o2 CO2 steroids, alcohols, w2ater and urea, provides fluidity of membrane |
| 2 types of protein components of cell membrane | peripheral or integral |
| what determines most characteristics of membrane | proteins |
| functions of membrane proteins | pores or channelspumps or transportersreceptorsenzymesstructural proteinscell recognition |
| pores or channel proteins | may form water filled channels through which certain small, charged ions may pass thus making membrane selectively permeablemay be passive "leak" channels or "gated" channels |
| pump or transporter proteins | involved in active transport |
| receptor proteins | sites for attachment for such molecules as hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs |
| structural proteins | supporting frame for cell as well as interconnecting cells for transport |
| carbohydrate component of cell membrane | always attached to lipids or proteins (glycolipids or glycoproteins) |
| function of carbohydrate part of cell membrane | enables cells to recognize eachothercell to cell adhesions can protect cells from being digested |
| principles of diffusion | brownian movementnet movement of particles from a point of higher concentration to one of lower concentrationpassive-the steeper the gradient, the greater teh net movement of solute per unit timeficks law |
| brownian movement | vibrating motion due to kinetic energy |
| ficks law | expresses or accounts for factors affecting rate of diffusion of particlesDR=D A (C1-C2) D= T/ (MW * d) |
| simple diffusion | substances move freely through lipid bilayer-non-polar, hydrophobic molecules such as 02, C02, nitrogen, fatty acids, steroids, and fat soluble vitaminssmall, uncharged polar molecules such as H20rate will vary with lipid solubility |
| facillitated diffusion | protein channels must be used |
| facillitated diffusion-channel mediated | small inorganic ions move down their concentration gradients through ion channelscan be specific to charge or typechannels are leakage if always open or gated if able to be plugged or closed |
| rate of diffusion in channel mediated facillitated diffusion will vary with: | number of pores/channelssize of pores/channelselectrical charge of channels |
| carrier mediated facilitated diffusion | movement across the membrane sometimes cannot be fully explained by ficks lawspecific protein binding sites which can pick up ions and then release them on the other side of the membraneno expenditure of energy-passive phenomenonbest ex-mov. of glucose in |
| osmosis | flow of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to inequalities of impermeable solute distribution "solutes suck" |
| how does water pass through cell membrane | moves through lipid bilayermoves through protein aquaporins |
| osmole | a measurement of effective solute concentration |
| isosmotic | osmolarity on both sides of membrane is equal |
| hyperosmotic | osmolarity of the solution being compared is greater (more total active particles) |
| hyposmotic | osmolarity of the solution being compared is less (fewer total particles) |
| tonicity of solutions refers to... | resulting net movement of water in response to concentration gradients which are established with non-penetrating solutes |
| hypotonic solution | one with fewer non-penetrating solutescell will fill and possibly burst or lyse |
| hypertonic solution | one with higher concentration of non-penetratin solutescell will empty or crenate |
| isotonic solution | one with equal concentration of non-penetrating solutesno net change in cell volume |
| comparison of osmolarity and tonicity | osmolarity tells us how many total particles a solution contains and tonicity tells us how a cell's volume will change in response to non-penetrating solute particles |
| Dialysis | diffusion of small solutes across a selectively permeable membrane leaving large solutes behind |
| filtration | fluid and mall solutes are moved across the membrane by a pressure gradient to the exclusion of larger molecules |
| active transport | carriers move particles against their concentration gradeintrequires energy ATPcarrier must have higher affinity for the substance at side where concentration is lowerundirectional |
| primary active transport | NA+, K+, CA++ pumps |
| secondary active transport | symporters-2 different substances are moved in the same directionantiporters-2 substances are moved in opposite directions |
| endocytosis | incorporation of materials dues to an invagination of the membrane to form a vesicle |
| phagocystosis | large materials such as proteins or bacteria |
| pinocytosis | water and dissolved solutes |
| exocytosis | reverse of endocytosis-fusion of vesicle membrane and release of materials |
Created by:
nanchie1987
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