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Civilizations Era2
World History: Agrarian Civilizations and Pastoral Nomads
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| geographic luck | having the right climate and latitude to support large-seeded grasses and the domestication of animals, both of which lead to agrarian civilizations |
| cultural hearth | another name for early river civilizations |
| Indus River Valley | This is the location of one of the 4 earliest river civilizations; it is in present-day India |
| Yellow River Valley | This is the location of one of the 4 earliest river civilizations; it is in present-day China |
| Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia) | This is the location of one of the 4 earliest river civilizations; it is in present-day Iran & Iraq |
| Nile River Valley | This is the location of one of the 4 earliest river civilizations; it is in present-day Egypt |
| delta | triangular region at the mouth of a river: it is rich in minerals which help to enrich the soil for farming |
| Afroeurasia | A large interregional area spanning three different continents |
| the Americas | A large interregional area spanning two continents (covering a lot of distance north to south) |
| Australia/Oceania | another interregional area covering many islands in between the Indian and Pacific Oceans |
| source (of a river) | where a river starts; usually water flows downhill from an elevated location |
| domestication | the process of taming plants and/or animals to make them more suitable for human use/consumption |
| Neolithic Revolution | turning point where hunters and gatherers started to settle down in an area to farm |
| flooding | an annual event that improved the success of farms, even in dry places like Egypt |
| direct democracy | when many people participate in the government themselves, not through representatives |
| Hammurabi's Code | a strict set of laws that were followed in Babylon, a kingdom in the area known as Mesopotamia |
| food surplus | having more food than you need to survive |
| specialization | the ability to do different jobs after you have established a food surplus |
| hieroglyphics | writing system that uses symbols or pictures to denote objects, concepts, or sounds originally and especially in the writing system of ancient Egypt |
| cuneiform | characters formed by the arrangement of wedge-shaped elements and used in ancient Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian writing |
| alphabet | a set of letters or symbols in a fixed order, used to represent the basic sounds of a language; in particular, the set of letters from A to Z. |
| a human eyeball | Under Hammurabi's Code, this would be would be removed from the body of someone who injured the eye of another citizen |
| Jericho | a city in Southwest Asia (present-day Jordan) that showed early signs of a civilized community |
| Catal Hoyuk | a city in Southwest Asia (present-day Turkey) that showed early signs of a civilized community |
| polytheistic | worshipping and believing in more than one god |
| metallurgy | the art and science of producing metal goods, all the way from mining and extracting metal from mineral ores to the shaping of metal objects |
| technology | he use and knowledge of tools, crafts, or technical systems to solve problems and/or complete different tasks |
| textile | cloth or fabric that is woven, knitted, or otherwise manufactured |
| bronze | a metal alloy (metal mixture) consisting of mostly copper, but also with tin or lead. It is harder and stronger than plain copper |
| Bronze Age | a period after the Stone Age characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons made by heating and combining copper and tin |
| cultural diffusion | the process of different cultures adopted ideas and technology from other cultures over time |
| chariot | a wheeled carriage powered by horses that was essential for trade and warfare throughout Afroeurasia beginning in about 3000 BC/BCE |
| plow | a farming tool used to prepare the ground for the planting of seeds |
| pottery | a form of technology specializing in the creation of clay containers (useful for farming and other tasks) |
| irrigation | creating a channel to get water from a source directly to the fields |
| scribe | a person who learned to read hieroglyphics and hieratic (a quicker and shorter form of hieroglyphs): this job could be middle or upper class depending on the types of things recorded |
| social hierarchy | the ranking of people into different social classes |
| elite | group of people considered to be the best in a particular society because of their power, talent, wealth, or other characteristic |
| laborer | a person who worked as a farmer, builder, or general worker in Era 2 |
| social institution | Organized to meet basic social needs: these last for a long time. Examples include economy, government, family, religion, education, and language |
| Stone Age | The time period when humans used stone tools to improve their chance for survival |
| Paleolithic Era | This was the time of hunters and gatherers LONG before Era 2 |
| Tigris River | One of the reasons why the Fertile Crescent earned that name |
| Euphrates River | Paired with the Tigris, this river was important to the development of Mesopotamia |
| world population growth in Era 2 | This was caused by the stable food surplus generated in Era 2 by farmers |
| nomadic | having no fixed home and having to move from place to place in search of food, water, or grazing land |
| pastoral nomads | people who depend on domestic lifestock, migrate in an established territory to find pasture for their animals |
| tribute | a gift or payment to one who has power over another to show respect or obedience |
| agrarians | another word for farmers |
Created by:
johnbacolor
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