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A&P I Chap. 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microscopic anatomy | Examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye |
| Cytology | study of cells and their internal structure |
| Histology | study of tissues |
| Gross anatomy | Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye. Specimens are dissected for examination. |
| Systemic anatomy | Studies anatomy of each functional body system |
| Regional anatomy | Examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body. |
| Surface anatomy | Focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures. |
| Comparative anatomy | Examines similarities and differences in anatomy of different species |
| Embryology anatomy | studies developmental changes from conception to birth |
| Pathologic anatomy | examines anatomic changes resulting from disease |
| Radiographic anatomy | investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures (xrays, mri) |
| Cardiovascular physiology | Functions of the heart, blood vessels and blood |
| Neurophysiology | Functions of the nerves and nervous system organs |
| Respiratory physiology | Functioning of the respiratory organs |
| Reproductive physiology | Functioning of the reproductive hormones and the reproductive system |
| Pathophysiology | Relationship between the function of an organ system and disease or injury to the system |
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body. Includes anabolism, catabolism |
| Anabolism | Smaller molecules joined to form larger ones |
| Catabolism | Larger molecules broken down into smaller ones |
| Grow and develop | Assimilate materials from the environment, often increase size, increase in specialization |
| Responsiveness | The ability to sense and react to stimuli |
| Regulation | Adjust internal bodily function to environment changes |
| Homeostasis | The ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or "steady state" |
| Reproduce | Produce new cells for growth, maintenance and repair. With sex cells, can develop into new organisms. |
| Body's levels of organization | 1) atom 2) molecule 3) macromolecule 4) organelle 5) Cells 6) Tissue 7) Organ 8) Organ system |
| All organisms must...... | exchange nutrients, wastes and gases to carry on metabolism |
| Multicellular organisms require .... | organ systems to perform multiple activities |
| In humans, there are ____ number or organ systems | 11 |
| Anatomic position | Body is 1) upright 2) feet parallel and flat to floor 3) upper limbs at the sides 4) palms face anteriorly 5) head is level 6) eyes look forward |
| Anterior | Front |
| Posterior | Back |
| Superior | Top, above |
| Inferior | Bottom, below |
| Medial | Middle |
| Lateral | Away from middle, towards side of body |
| Proximal | Closest to point of origin |
| Distal | Furthest of point of origin |
| Dorsal | Same as posterior, back side |
| Ventral | Same as anterior, belly side |
| Cranial | At the head end |
| Caudal | At the rear or tail end |
| Rostral | Toward the nose or mouth |
| Deep | Internal to another structure |
| Superficial | On the outside |
| Cephalic | Head |
| Frontal | Forehead |
| Orbital | Eye |
| Nasal | Nose |
| Oral | Mouth |
| Buccal | Cheek |
| Cervical | Neck |
| Mental | Chin |
| Deltoid | Shoulder |
| Axillary | Armpit |
| Brachial | Bicep area |
| Antecubital | Inner elbow |
| Coxal | Hip |
| Carpal | Wrist |
| Palmar | Palm |
| Digital | Finger, toe |
| Femoral | Thigh |
| Patellar | Kneecap |
| Crural | Leg |
| Tarsal | Ankle |
| Pubic | Genital area |
| Inguinal | Groin |
| Pelvic | Just above pubic area |
| Abdominal | Abdomen (Below diaphragm to above hip line) |
| Thoracic | Clavicle to just above diaphragm area |
| Auricular | Ear |
| Occipital | Back of head |
| Vertebral | Spinal column |
| Olecranal | Elbow |
| Sacral | Just below lumbar region |
| Gluteal | Buttocks |
| Dorsum of hand | Top of hand |
| Sural | Calf |
| Calcaneal | Heel |
| Plantar surface | Sole of foot |
| Popliteal | Back of knee |
| Perineal | Close to genital/anal area |
| Manus | Hand |
| Antebrachial | Forearm |
| Lumbar | Lower back |
| Parietal membrane | Outer layer of the membrane that lines an organ. |
| Visceral membrane | Inner layer of the membrane that directly covers an organ. |
| Serous membrane | The layer that lies between the parietal and visceral membranes which is filled with fluid for protection of the organ. |
| Ventral cavity | Includes the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities. |
| Cranial cavity | Includes the brain and spinal cord. |
| Thoracic cavity | Includes the heart and lungs |
| Abdominopelvic cavity | Includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| Abdominal cavity | Includes from the diaphragm to just above the pelvic cavity. Includes all of the internal organs below the diaphragm. |
| Pelvic cavity | Includes the reproductive organs, bowel, rectum, bladder and ureters |
| Pleural cavity | Surround the lungs |
| Pericardial cavity | Outer portion of membrane that surrounds the heart |
| Visceral pericardium | Inner portion of membrane that surrounds the heart |
| Peritoneum | The membrane that surrounds all of the internal organs. |
| Homeostasis | The body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in response to changing conditions. |
| Stimulus | Changes in a variable that is regulated such as: temperature, stretch in muscle |
| Receptor | Structure that detects the stimulus such as a sensory neuron. Sends input information to control center. |
| Control Center | Integrates input and initiates change through the effector (usually the brain or endocrine gland). Sends output information to an effector. |
| Effector | Structure (muscle or gland) that brings about a change to the stimulus |
| Positive feedback | Another type of homeostatic control. Moves the stimulus in the same direction. Occurs less frequently than negative feedback. ex: breastfeeding, blood clotting, uterine contractions during labor |
Created by:
daydreamer67
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