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Hesi A2 Practice
Study Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 basic properties of life | reception,metabolism, reproduction, and organization |
| What is reception | the ability of the organism to control its actions and respond to changes in the environment |
| What is metabolism | the process of taking in and using nutrients to produce energy and growth |
| What is reproduction | the ability to reproduce offspring to continue the species |
| what is organization | divides the organism into distinct parts to perform these functions |
| The two major types of study of the human body | Anatomy and physiology |
| Anatomy | the study of body structures |
| Physiology | the study of body functions |
| Cells | smallest unit of life |
| Tissues | combination of similar cells |
| Organs | collection of tissues working together to perform a function |
| Body systems | organs that work together to provide a major body function |
| Organism | the beings that result when the body systems work to maintain life |
| What are the major structures of a cell called | organelles |
| List the cell structures | cell membrane,plasma membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus,nucleolus,ribosomes,endoplasmic reticulum,golgi apparatus,mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles, microvilli, cilia, flagella (sperm), chromatin and chromosomes |
| 3 main parts of a cell | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus |
| Function of: Plasma Membrane | Outside Boundary of the cell |
| Cytoplasm | Living internal material of cells |
| Nucleus | Brain of the cell;Dictates protein synthesis |
| Ribosomes | Protein factories-make enzymes and protein |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Rough-move proteins from ribosomes to Golgi apparatus Smooth-make fats,carbs,and proteins |
| Golgi Apparatus | chemical processing and packing center of proteins |
| Mitochondria | Production of energy for cells |
| Lysosomes | Contain enzymes that can digest food compounds |
| Centrioles | Cell division and reproduction |
| Microvilli | increase the ability to absorb substances |
| Cilia | moves substances along surface of the cell |
| Flagella | "tail" that propel sperm through fluids |
| Nucleolus | form ribosomes |
| Chromatin and Chromosomes | DNA (Total of 46) |
| Homeostasis | maintain a state of balance |
| Electrolytes | substance that ionizes when dissolved in water |
| Cation | positive charge (acid) |
| Anion | negative charge (base) |
| pH | measures how acidic or basic a substance is from 0-14 |
| pH of 0 | acidic (gastric juice) |
| pH of 14 | basic (ammonia) |
| pH of 7 | neutral (urine) |
| Cation(+) electrolytes of the body | Sodium(Na+),Potassium(K+),Calcium(Ca+),Magnesium(+), and Hydrogen(H+) |
| Anions(-) electrolytes of the body | Bicarbonate(HCO3-),Phosphate(HPO4-),Chloride(C-),Sulfate(SO4-) |
| 4 tissue types | Muscle,Epithelial,Nervous,Connective |
| Muscle Tissue | Made of protein fibers,produce movement |
| Epithelial Tissue | Covers the body,forms glands,and lines the surfaces of cavaties and organs |
| Nervous Tissue | Specialized cells called neurons,transmits communications |
| Connective Tissue | soft tissue(fat,blood cells)hard tissue(bones,ligaments, and cartilage) |
| Body systems | Integumentary,Cardiovascular,Circulatory,Respiratory,Muscular,Skeletal,Digestive,Urinary,Endocrine,Nervous,Sensory,and Reproductive |
| What is a Body System | a group of related organs that work together to accomplish functions necessary to maintain and support life |
| Cardiovascular | Transports oxygen and nutrients to all body parts and removes waste products |
| Circulatory | Blood and lymph that move throughout the body |
| Respiratory | Exchange gases between the air and blood |
| Muscular | Allows the body to move and controls movements within the body |
| Skeletal | Provides body support and protection |
| Digestive | Processes food and eliminate food waste |
| Urinary | Filters the blood and removes liquid waste |
| Endocrine | coordinates body activities through hormones |
| Nervous | regulates the environment and sends messages to and from brain |
| Reproductive | provides for human reproduction |
| Lymph | fluid that circulate throughout the lymphatic system |
| Integumentary | Covers the body and protects |
| Oxygen debt | the debt of oxygen that is needed to convert the buildup of lactic acid back to glucose |
| Aerobic breakdown | require oxygen |
| Anaerobic breakdown | without oxygen |
| how is potassium ingested | food |
| how is potassium excreted | urine |
| what hormone influence potassium excretion | aldesterone |
| what hormone influence potassium movement into cells | insulin |
| foods high in potassium | bananas,citrus fruits, tomatoes, and lentils |
| potassium supplement | chloride tablet |
| what is potassium levels influenced by | acid-base balance |
| acidosis | potassium ions are outside the cells in extracellular fluid |
| alkalosis | potassium is moved into the cells |
| effect of abnormal high and low potassium levels | cardiac arrest |
| hypokalemia | serum level of potassium is below 3.5 mEq per liter |
| causes of hypokalemia | diarrhea,diuretics, excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids,decreased dietary intake, and insulin |
| effects(signs)of hypokalemia | cardiac dysrhythmias,muscles become less responsive,paresthesias,decreased digestive tract motility, respiratory muscles become weak,and renal function is impaired |
| hyperkalemia | serum level of potassium is above 5 mEq per liter |
| causes of hyperkalemia | renal failure, deficit of aldosterone,use of diuretic drugs,leakage cell potassium into extracellular fluids, and severe acidosis |
| effects(signs)of hyperkalemia | dysrhythmias,muscle weakness, fatigue,nausea, and paresthesias |
| Symbol for Potassium | (K+) |
| How does the 4 kinds of tissue differ from each other | size,shape,amount, kind, and function |
| Epithelial Tissue | packed close together with little or no inter cellular material between them and no blood vessels |
| what are the epithelial tissues | simple squamous, stratisfied squamous, simple columnar, stratisfied transitional, pseudostratisfied, and simple cuboidal |
| simple squamous | single layer of flattened cells |
| stratified squamous | many layers of flattened cells (skin) |
| simple columnar | single layer of tall, narrow cells (stomach) |
| stratified transitional | many layers of varying shapes, capable of stretching (bladder) |
| pseudostratisfied | single layer of tall cells that wedge together to appear as if there are two or more layers (trachea) |
| simple cuboidal | single layer of cells that are cube shaped |
| What does simple layer mean | single |
| what does stratified mean | many |
| Connective tissue | Holds organs together and give them shapes |
| what are the connective tissues | areolar,adipose,fibrous,bone,cartilage,blood,and hematopoietic |
| Areolar | loose arrangement of fibers and cells (connection) |
| Adipose | large fat compartments (protection and insulation) |
| Dense fibrous | dense arrangement of collagen fiber bundles(flexible but strong) |
| bone | hard, calcified osteons (support;protection) |
| blood | liquid matrix with flowing red and white cells (transportation) |
| hematopoietic | liquid matrix with dense arrangment of blood cell producing cells (blood cell formation) |
| cartilage | hard but flexible matrix with embedded chondrocytes (ear) |
| Muscle tissue | muscles that attach to the bones |
| muscle tissues | skeletal,cardiac, and smooth |
| skeletal | voluntary willed or control of skeletal muscle contractions |
| Cardiac | forms the walls of the heart,produce the heartbeat |
| Smooth | spindles, involuntary muscle control |
| Nervous tissue | nerve cells that function as communication between body structures and control body functions |
| nerve tissues | neurons and glia |
| neurons | conductors which is the functional unit |
| glia | the supporting cells |
| parts of a nerve cell | cell body,axon, and dendrite |
| axon | carries nerve impulses |
| dendrite | carry nerve impulses to body |
| Regeneration | tissue repair |
| phagocytic cells | remove dead or injured cells |
| size of a cell | microscopic and vary |
| shapes of a cell | flat,brick,threadlike,irregular |
| 3 main parts of a cell | plasma membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus |
| differentiated | cells with different expression of genes |
| undifferentiated | cells that have not undergone specialization (embryonic) |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid,identical genetic material for all human cells |
| mitosis | cell cycle, cell duplicates into two genetically alike daughter cells |
| mitosis cell cycle | prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase |
| prophase | chromatin becomes chromosomes |
| metaphase | chromosomes line up |
| anaphase | chromosomes break and chromatids move to opposite sides (right-left) |
| telophase | the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes |
| 5 hormones of the anterior pituitary gland | TSH,ACTH,FSH,LH,GH |
| another name for anterior pituitary gland | master gland |
| hormones function | stimulate endocrine gland to grow and secrete hormones |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) | Thyroid gland |
| Adrenocarticotropic hormone (ACTH) | adrenal cortex |
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)& Leutinizing hormone (LH) | ovaries and testes |
| Growth hormone (GH) | Bones |
| location of pituitary gland | skull;at the base of the brain connected by a stalk,blood vessels transport info from hypothalmus to master gland |
| 2 parts of the pituitary gland | anterior and posterior |
| 2 hormones of the posterior pituitary gland | Oxytocin,ADH |
| Oxytocin | contraction of a pregnant uterus |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | reabsorption of water from renal tubles |
| proteins,glycoproteins,polypeptides,amino-acid,lipids | Hormones |
| Tropic hormones | increase other hormones growth and secretions |
| Sex hormones | influence reproductive changers |
| Anabolic hormones | stimulate tissue building |
| Pituitary gland | somatropin hormone-promotes tissue growth |
| Pineal gland | melatonin-sleep and wake cycle |
| thyroid gland | thyroxine-metabolic rate |
| parathyroid gland | parathyroid-calcium and phosphate in the blood/bones |
| Thymus gland | thymosin-stimulates development of T cells |
| Adrenal gland | epinephrine-autonomic nervous system response |
| Pancreatic islet gland | insulin-regulates blood sugar |
| Ovaries | Estrogen-regulates female sexual characteristics |
| Testes | Testosterone-regulates male sexual characteristics |
| Bronchi,bronchioles, and alveoli | respiratory system |
| called the "upside-down tree" of the respiratory system | airtubes |
| "trunk of the tree" | trachea |
| bronchioles | small passageways |
| surfactant | reduce surface tension in the alveoli |
| respiratory distress | inability to inflate the alveoli of the lungs |
| respiratory distress syndrome | a condition caused by absence or impairment of surfactant in the alveoli |
| photo dynamic therapy | used for lung cancer that begin in the lining of the bronchial tubes |
| red light laser | a beam used to destroy cancerous cells |
| infant respiratory distress syndrome | lack of surfactant in the alveolar air sacs |
| adult respiratory distress syndrome | impairment or removal of surfactant in the alveoli |
| upper respiratory tract | provide entry for inhaled air, and exhaling |
| upper respiratory tract structures | nose,para-nasal sinuses,pharynx,and larynx |
| mucosa | serves as a trap for bacteria and foreign particles |
| middle respiratory tract | long tube located in the mid-line of the thorax |
| middle respiratory tract structure | trachea |
| lower respiratory tract | lungs-respiration, transfer of oxygen, release carbon dioxide |
| lower respiratory tract structures | left and right bronchi,bronchioles,lungs |
| what is the function of the respiratory system | brings oxygen into the body through breathing process |
| Inspiration | inhaling air, oxygen is brought into the lungs |
| Expiration | exhaling air, carbon dioxide is removed from the lungs |
| 3 things the respiratory system does | exchanges gases between blood and the lungs, regulate body temp, maintain electrolyte balance |
| sinuses | hallow spaces in the bones of the skull |
| nasal air passage | nose-mouth-throat(pharnyx)-windpipe(trachea) |
| tracheotomy | opening made in trachea as an alternative for exchange of gases |
| pleura membrane | surrounds the lungs |
| diaphragm | large flat muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity |
| dyspnea | shortness of breath |
| causes of dyspnea | large/small airway,intra-alveolar obstruction,alveolar septal lesions, destruction, increase in thickness,collapse,and central nervous cause (suffocation/drowning) |
| adult respiratory distress syndrome causes | shock,pneumonia,toxic lung injury, and aspiration of fluids |
| clinical features of ARDS | 24HRS severve distress,hypoxemia,hypercapnia,airless lungs |
| atelectasis | collapse of part or all of a lung |
| deafness | hearing loss |
| causes of deafness | blockage,damage,abnormalities |
| conductive hearing loss | external or middle ear damage/abnormalities |
| sensory hearing loss | workplace noise, ototoxic drugs, unknown (elderly) |
| neural hearing loss | lesions of cranial nerve or CNS |
| Parts of the ear | external,middle,inner |
| external ear | cartilage (pinna) |
| middle ear | ear drum (tympanic membrane) and 3 bones malleus,incus, stapes |
| sound travel passage | outer ear, ear canal,tympanic membrane, ossicles(3 bones)-conchlea-brain |
| sensory system | eyes,ears,nose,tongue,skin |
| eyes | vision(see) |
| ears | audio(hear) |
| nose | smell |
| tongue | taste |
| skin | touch |
| orbital cavity | socket of the skull in which the eye is situated/protects |
| tissue that cushions the eye | adipose |
| protects the eye from injury | blinking |
| lubricates the eye | conjuctiva mucous membrane |
| forms tears | lacrimal apparatus |
| control eye movement | extrincic muscles act on the OCULOMOTOR nerve |
| how much of the eye is exposed to the environment | 1/5 |
| white tissue of the eye | sclera |
| focuses images | cornea |
| supply eyes blood flow | iris, chorid, ciliary muscles |
| what are the sections of the eyeball | anterior(filled with watery fluid) and posterior (gelatin like substance) |
| opening of the eye | pupil |
| iris | adjust thr light entering eye |
| lens | focuses light on the retina |
| the ear | organ that detect sound |
| tympanic membrane | ear drum |
| cerumen | ear wax that protects middle ear from foreign particles |
| malleus | transmmits sound vibrations from ear drum to incus |
| sends vibrations to the stapes | incus |
| stapes | transmit sound vibrations from incus to the oval window |
| eustachian tube | the opening between middle ear and the pharnyx |
| function of the eustachian tube | pressure equalizer and fluid/mucus drainage |
| hearing | interpretation of sound waves |
| taste buds | specialized cells located in papillae of the tongue |
| what type of cells are taste buds | chemoreceptors |
| what taste does the tongue perceive | sweet,sour,bitter,and salty |
| salivary gland | helps dissolve food |
| hypoglossal nerve | provides movement to the muscle of the tongue |
| olfactory system | sense of smell |
| how many special cells are located in the skin | 5! meissner-touch,pacinian-pressure,krause's end bulb-cold,ruffini nerves-warmth,free nerve-pain |
| consist of the brain and spinal cord | CNS |
| consist of nerves | PNS |
| master organ of the body | brain |
| hypothalamus | controls body temp,fatigue,hunger,thirst |
| pineal gland | produces serotonin |
| pituitary gland | produces hormones (anterior/posterior) |
| cerebellum | directs motor,control,balance,and equilibrium |
| cerebrum | assist with motor control and cognitive functions |
| medulla oblongata | connects the spinal cord to the brain |
| olfactory nerve | sensory component for sense of smell |
| optic nerve | registers visual information |
| vagus nerve | slows down heart rate |
| para sympathetic system | system that helps the body relax |
| sympathetic system | system that helps the body react quickly |
| adrenal gland | produce various hormones that trigger chemical activity |
| facial nerve | controls the muscles of facial expression |
| nervous system function | sense,interpret,respond to internal and external environment changes to maintain homeostasis |
| meninges | surround the tissue of the brain |
| c1-c8 | cervical nerves |
| t1-t12 | thoracic nerves |
| l1-l5 | lumbar nerves |
| s1-s5 | sacral nerve |
| afferent neurons | carry messages from the body to the brain |
| efferent neurons | carry messages from the brain to the body |
| connecting nerves | carry messages from afferent nerves to efferent nerves |
| neuron | nerve bundle of fibers that carry impulses |
| parts of a neuron | dendrites,cell body,and axon |
| neuroglia | cells that act as "glue" to support,bind,repair and protect neurons |
| astrocyte cells | help transfer substances from the blood to the brain |
| microglia | destroy/engulf bacteria and fight infection |
| synapse | spaces between neurons |
| ganglia | transmit impulses |
| thalmus | produce sensations,emotions |
| integumentary | dermis(skin) |
| flexion | the position that a limb assumes when it is bent |
| extension | extends or can extend |
| abductor | muscles that move limbs away from the mid line of the body |
| adductor | muscle that moves limb towards the mid line of the body |
| rotator | muscle that turns limb |
| trapezius | chest muscle |
| deltoid | shoulder muscle |
| triceps | arm muscle |
| biceps | thigh muscle |
| qudriceps | lower leg muscle |
| frontal muscle | raises eyebrow |
| orbicularis oculi | closes eye |
| orbicularis oris | draws lips together |
| zygomaticus | elevates corner of mouth and lips |
| masseter | closes jaw |
| temperal | assist in chewing |
| sternocleidomastoid | rotates and flexes the head and neck |
| trapezius | extends head and neck |
| how many chromosomes does cell contain | 46 |
| gamates | sex cell that produce male spermatozoa/female ova |
| how many chromosomes are left after meiosis | 23-male 23-female |
| muscle groups | head and neck,upper extremities,trunk,lower extremities,adductor,hamstring,quadriceps,peroneus |
| genetic variation | each offspring from a single set of parents is very likely to be genetically unique |
| crossing-over | genes from a particular location cross over to the same location on the matching gene |
| autosome | chromosomes who appear in pairs whose (members) have the same form but differ from other pairs |
| allosome | pairs differ from autosome chromosomes and determine sex |
| sex chromosome | a chromosome in sex determination |
| genetic variation | caused by random mating and large populations |
| meiosis | cell division necessary for sexual reproduction |
| mitosis | cell duplicates into two genetically alike daughter cells |
| reproduction | biological process by which new "offspring" individual organisms are produced from their "parents" |
| female reproductive cancers | breast cancer,endometrial cancer |
| female reproductive disorders | ectopic pregnancy,endometriosis,menustrual problems,Premenstrual syndrome,fibroids,vaginitis,yeast infection |
| pregnancy disorders | erythioblastosis fetalis(Rh),fetal alcohol syndrome |
| female sexual transmitted diseases | chancroid,chlamydia,leukorrhea,pubic lice,genital warts,gonorrhea,herpes,human papilloman virus,pelvic inflammatory disease,syphilis,trichomonas, |
| male reproductive cancers | prostate cancer,testes cancer |
| male reproductive disorders | benign prostatic hypertrophy,cryptochidism,klinefelters syndrome,orchitis, |
| male sexual transmitted disease | orchitis,phimosis |
| external covering of the body | skin |
| function of the skin | protects against external injury |
| greek term for skin | derma |
| dermatology | the specialty/study of skin |
| dermatopathology | study of skin diseases |
| layers of the skin | epidermis,dermis,adipose |
| epidermis | outer layer of skin |
| dermis | inner layer consist of blood vessels,nerves,hair follicles |
| adipose | fat tissue |
| proliferating | skin regeneration |
| keratin | gives skin strength and elasticity |
| melanocytes | pigment(melanin)producing cells |
| sebaceous glands | secrete oil for the hair and skin |
| sebum | oil secreted by sebaceous glands |
| skin accessory structures | hair,nails,specialized glands,and nerves |
| largest organ in the body | skin |
| skin glands | sebaceous,sudoriferous, and ceruminous |
| nails | protect fingers and toes from injury |
| carbohydrates | preferred energy food of the body |
| glucose | carb used by the body to supply energy |
| glucose breakdown cycle | glycolysis,citric acid cycle,electron transfer |
| glycolysis | the process of changing glucose into pyruvic acid |
| how is ATP changed to ADP | glucose-mitochondria-ATP-ADP-returns to mitochondria for more energy |
| how many essential amino acids are there | 8 |
| metabolism | physical and chemical processes that produce energy |
| Anabolism | building tissues from small compounds materials |
| catabolism | breakdown of tissues into materials that may be reused or excreted |
| nutrition | the study of food thats eaten and how it is used by the body |
| nutrients | chemical materials in food |
| 5 nutrients essential to good health | carbs,vitamins,proteins,fats,minerals,water |
| carbohydrates | found in plants,sugar,starch |
| proteins | animal,eggs,milk |
| fats | meat,oil |
| vitamins | organic compounds |
| minerals | simple compounds |
| food groups | pyramid of six food groups to help plan meals,in a daily diet |
| calories | amount of energy needed to raise the body's heat |
| diet therapy | special diets used to treat specific health conditions |
| q-angle | 10-15 degree angle between the quadriceps tendon and the patella tendon |
| quadriceps | four headed muscle of the femur |
| divides the left and right sides of heart | partion |
| hollow organ | the heart |
| how many chambers does the heart have | 4 |
| chambers of the heart | 2 atria/2 ventricles |
| which is smaller the atria/ventricle | atria |
| recieving chamber | atria |
| discharging chamber | ventricle |
| heart cardiac muscle | myocardium |
| heart smooth tissue | endocardium |
| endocarditis | inflammation of the endocardium lining |
| thrombus | clot/clotting |
| heart covering/lining | pericardium |
| 2 layers of pericardium | visceral and parietal |
| pericardial edema | when visceral and parietal pericardium rub together causing severe chest pain |
| pericardial effusion | fluid,pus,or blood accumulate between 2 pericardium layers and impair pumping of the heart |
| cardiac tamponade | pressure on the heart from effusion |
| pericarditis | swelling and irritation of the pericardium |
| coverings of the heart | the heart-myocardium-epicardium-pericardium(visceral/parietal) |
| systole | contraction of the heart (heart beat) |
| diastole | relaxation of the heart |
| right heart blood flow | Body-Superior/Inferior vena cava-Right atrium-Tricuspid valve-Right ventricle-Pulmonaric valve-Pulmonary artery-Lungs to pick up oxygen |
| left heart blood flow | Lungs-Pulmonary veins- left atrium -mitral valve- left ventricle- aortic valve- aorta- body |
| pericardial sac | holds the heart |
| pericardial fluid | keep the surface moist and prevent friction |
| atrioventricular valves | regulate the proper inflow and outflow of blood from each chamber during heart contractions |
| heart beats per minute | 60-80 |
| murmur | sound of the heart flow of blood through the chambers |
| cardiovascular system | transport nutrients and oxygen to the body |
| cardiovascular structures | heart and blood vessels |
| heart location | thoracic cavity between the lungs,left of the sternum, |
| pulmonary circulation | right side heart flow to lungs |
| systemic circulation | left side heart flow to rest of body |
| hepatic circulation | blood flow from intestines,gallbladder,pancreas,stomach, and spleen |
| arteries | carry blood away from the heart |
| veins | carry blood back to the heart |
| capillaries | microscopic vessels that carry blood between arterial and venous vessels |
| aorta | the largest artery in the body |
| arterioles | smaller artery branches |
| venules | smaller veins |
| deoxygenated blood flow | right chambers of the heart and body |
| oxygented blood flow | left chambers of the heart and lungs |
Created by:
jazzcl07
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