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A&P Chapter 2
Vocabulary from A&P Week 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Proton | subatomic particle with positive charge and 1 mass unit |
| Neutron | subatomic particle with neutral charge and 1 mass unit |
| Electron | subatomic particle with negative charge and low mass |
| Atomic number | the number of protons in a nucleus |
| Mass number | the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus |
| Nucleus | the part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons |
| Electron cloud | the part of an atom that contains electrons |
| 3 isotopes of hydrogen | hydrogen-1, deuterium, tritium |
| Principal elements of the human body | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, sulfur, iron, iodine, trace elements |
| Biological purpose of oxygen | component of water, essential for respiration |
| Biological purpose of hydrogen | component of most compounds in the human body |
| Biological purpose of nitrogen | found in proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds |
| Biological purpose of calcium | found in bones and teeth, important for membrane function, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and blood clotting |
| Biological purpose of phosphorus | found in bones and teeth, nucleic acids, and high-energy compounds |
| Biological purpose of potassium | important for proper membrane function, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction |
| Biological purpose of sodium | important for blood volume, membrane function, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction |
| Biological purpose of chlorine | important for blood volume, membrane function, and water absorption |
| Biological purpose of magnesium | cofactor for many enzymes |
| Biological purpose of sulfur | found in many proteins |
| Biological purpose of iron | essential for oxygen transport and energy capture |
| Biological purpose of iodine | component of thyroid hormones |
| Element | an atom containing a specific number of protons |
| Isotope | the specific version of an element based on its mass number |
| Atomic weight | the average of the mass numbers of all isotopes of a particular element |
| Reactivity | the affinity of an atom for capturing or donating electrons, based on the number of electrons in the valence shell |
| Valence shell | the outermost electron shell of an atom |
| Three major types of chemical bonds | Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds |
| Cation | a positively charged ion, created by the atom donating one or more electrons |
| Anion | a negatively charged ion, created by the atom accepting one or more electrons |
| Ionic bond | attraction between cations and anions |
| Covalent bond | strong electron bond involving shared electrons |
| Hydrogen bond | weak polar bond based on partial electrical attractions |
| Molecule | two or more atoms joined by strong bonds |
| Compound | two or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds |
| Nonpolar covalent bond | involves equal sharing of electrons; atoms involved have equal pull for electrons |
| Polar covalent bond | involves unequal sharing of electrons; one of the atoms involved has a disproportionately strong pull on the electrons |
| Surface tension of water | due to hydrogen bonds between water molecules |
| Molecular weight of a molecule | the sum of the atomic weights of the component atoms |
| Reactant | a material going into a chemical reaction |
| Product | a material coming out of a chemical reaction |
| Metabolism | all of the chemical reactions occurring within a cell |
| Energy | the power to do work |
| Work | a change in mass or distance |
| Kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| Potential energy | stored energy |
| Chemical energy | potential energy stored in chemical bonds |
| Decomposition reaction | catabolism, hydrolysis, oxidation; breaks chemical bonds |
| Synthesis reaction | anabolism, condensation, reduction; forms chemical bonds |
| Exchange reaction | involves decomposition, then synthesis |
| Reversible reaction | a reaction that occurs simultaneously in both directions |
| Activation energy | the amount of energy required to get a reaction started |
| Enzyme | a protein catalyst that lowers the activation energy of reactions |
| Exergonic reaction | produces more energy than it uses |
| Endergonic reaction | uses more energy than it produces |
| Nutrient | essential molecule obtained from food |
| Metabolite | molecule made or broken down in the body |
| Solution | a uniform mixture of two or more substances |
| Solvent | the medium in which atoms, ions, or molecules of another substance are individually dispersed |
| Solute | the substance dispersed in a solution |
| Important properties of water | solubility, reactivity, high heat capacity, lubrication |
| Ionization | dissociation; the process by which ions and polar compounds disperse in water |
| Hydration sphere | the sphere of water molecules surrounding an ion or small polar molecule that keeps it in solution |
| Electrolyte | an inorganic ion that conducts electricity in solution |
| Important electrolytes | sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium phosphate (CaPO4), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) |
| Hydrophilic compound | a polar compound that interacts with water |
| Hydrophobic compound | a nonpolar compound that does not interact with water |
| Colloid | a solution of very large organic molecules |
| Suspension | a solution in which particles settle |
| Concentration | the amount of solute in a solvent, measured in moles per liter or milligrams per milliliter |
| pH | the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| neutral pH | a balance of hydrogen and hydroxide ions; pure water has pH 7.0 |
| pH of human blood | ranges from 7.35 to 7.45 |
| Acidic | pH less than 7 |
| Basic | alkaline; pH greater than 7 |
| Acid | proton donor; a solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution |
| Base | proton acceptor; a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution |
| Buffer | a weak acid or weak base that can accept or donate protons, keeping the pH of a solution constant |
| Salt | a solute that dissociates into cations and anions other than hydrogen or hydroxide ions |
| Antacid | a basic compound that neutralizes acid and forms a salt |
| Four types of organic molecules | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| Carbohydrate | a compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio |
| Monosaccharide | simple sugar with 3 to 7 carbon atoms |
| Disaccharide | two simple sugars anabolized by dehydration synthesis |
| Polysaccharide | many monosaccharides anabolized by dehydration synthesis |
| Lipid | fats, oils, waxes; made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms |
| Fatty acid | a long chain of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxylic acid group at one end |
| Saturated fatty acid | a fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms |
| Monounsaturated fatty acid | a fatty acid with a single double bond between two carbon atoms |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid | a fatty acid with multiple double bonds between carbon atoms |
| Eicosanoid | chemical messenger that coordinates local cellular activities |
| Leukotriene | active in immune system |
| Prostaglandin | a short-chain fatty acid that serves as a local hormone |
| Glyceride | a fatty acid attached to a glycerol molecule |
| Triglyceride | a glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached |
| Functions of triglycerides | energy source, insulation, protection |
| Steroid | a compound consisting of four carbon-hydrogen rings with an assortment of functional groups attached |
| Types of steroids | cholesterol, estrogens and testosterones, corticosteroids and calcitriol, bile salts |
| Phospholipid | a diglyceride attached to a phosphate group |
| Glycolipid | a diglyceride attached to a sugar |
| Function of phospholipids and glycolipids | structural, serve as components of plasmalemma |
| Seven major protein functions | support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, defense |
| Amino acid structure | a central carbon atom joined to an amine group, a hydrogen atom, a carboxylic acid group, and an R group |
| Peptide bond | a bond formed between amino acids by dehydration synthesis; connects the amine group of one amino acid with the carboxylic acid group of another |
| Primary structure of a protein | the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide |
| Secondary structure of a protein | spirals or pleats formed by hydrogen bonds |
| Tertiary structure of a protein | the unique shape that the secondary structure folds into |
| Quarternary structure of a protein | final protein shape; created from several tertiary structures together |
| Fibrous proteins | proteins that fold into structural sheets or strands |
| Globular proteins | proteins that fold into soluble spheres with active functions; function is based on shape |
| Cofactor | an ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind |
| Coenzyme | non-protein organic cofactor (vitamin) |
| Isozyme | an enzyme that can catalyze the same reaction as a different enzyme |
| Denaturation | the loss of shape and function a protein experiences when exposed to an unfavorable temperature or pH |
| Glycoprotein | a large protein attached to a small carbohydrate; includes enzymes, antibodies, hormones, and mucus production |
| Proteoglycans | a large polysaccharide plus a polypeptide; promotes viscosity |
| Nucleic acid | a large organic molecule found in the nucleus which stores and processes information at the molecular level |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid | determines inherited characteristics, directs protein synthesis, controls enzyme production, and controls metabolism |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| Ribonucleic acid | controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis |
| Structure of a nucleic acid | a pentose sugar attached to a phosphate group on one side, and a nitrogenous base on the other |
| Types of nucleotides | purines, pyrimidines |
| Purines | adenine and guanine; nitrogenous bases contain two connected rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms |
| Pyrimidines | cytosine, thymine, and uracil; nitrogenous bases contain a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms |
| Shape of DNA | a twisting double helix formed by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases |
| Types of RNA | messenger, transfer, ribosomal |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate; composed of an adenine nucleotide joined to three phosphate groups with a high amount of chemical energy |
| Phosphorylation | the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to a molecule |
| Metabolic turnover | recycling and renewing chemical components to allow the cell to grow, change, and adapt to new conditions and activities |
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ekolmus
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