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NAVEDTRA 14295B Ch.6
HM Chapter 6: Human Anatomy and Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of body structures and the relation of one part to another | Anatomy |
| the study of how the body works and how the various parts function individually and in relation to each other | Physiology |
| What position is assumed when the body stands erect with the arms hanging at the sides and the palms of the hands turned forward? | anatomical position |
| Toward the front, or along the belly side of the body | Anterior or Ventral |
| Toward the back, or along the vertebral side of the body | Posterior or Dorsal |
| Near or toward the mid-sagittal plane of the body | Medial |
| Away from the mid-sagittal plane of the body | Lateral |
| Nearest to the point of origin or towards the trunk | Proximal |
| Away from the point of origin or away from the trunk | Distal |
| Toward the lower end of the body | Caudal |
| Toward the bottom of the body or below | Inferior |
| What is the process of absorption, storage, and use of these foods for body growth, maintenance, and repair? | Metabolism |
| What is the body's self-regulated control of its internal environment? | Homeostasis |
| What is the smallest and most numerous structural unit that possess and exhibits the basic characteristics of living matter? | Cell |
| a group of many similar cells that all develop together from the same part of an embryo and all perform a certain function? | Tissue |
| a structure made up of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that, together, they can perform a special function. | organ |
| Each cell is surrounded by a membrane called? | plasma membrane |
| a small, dense, usually spherical body that controls the chemical reactions occurring in the cell? | nucleus |
| a gelatinous substance surrounding the nucleus and is contained by the plasma membrane? | cytoplasm |
| The lining tissue of the body is called? | epithelium |
| Adipose tissue is what? | fatty tissue |
| What are the three types of muscle tissue? | skeletal, smooth and cardiac |
| The basic cell of the nerve tissue is the? | neuron |
| What are the two layers of the skin? | epidermis and dermis |
| What is considered the true skin? | The dermis |
| The appendages of the skin are? | nails, hairs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and ceruminous glands. |
| What small muscle attached to the side of the follicle is responsible for gooseflesh or "goosebumps"? | The arrector |
| The skeleton, the bony framework of the body, is composed of how many bones? | 206 |
| the study of the structure of bone? | Osteology |
| Bone is made up of inorganic mineral salts (calcium and phosphorus being the most prevalent) and an organic substance called? | ossein |
| The thin outer membrane surrounding the bone is called the? | periosteum |
| Bone consists of a hard outer shell, called? | compact bone |
| Bone consists of an inner spongy, porous portion, called? | cancellous tissue |
| In the center of the bone is the? | medullary canal |
| What is contained in the medullary canal? | Marrow |
| What is the pain center of the bone? | periosteum |
| the elongated, cylindrical portion (or "shaft) of the bone? | diaphysis |
| What is the area at the ends of the bone? | epiphysis |
| Femur and humerus are what classification of bone? | Long bones |
| wrist and ankle bones are what classification of bones? | short bones |
| skull, sternum, and scapula are what classification of bone? | flat bones |
| Vertebrae, mandible and pelvic bones are what classification of bone? | irregular bones |
| What forms the axial skeleton? | the skull, vertebral column and thorax |
| How many bones does the skull consist of? | 28 bones |
| When do the frontal bones usually fuse together? | At age 5 or 6 |
| How many bones in the cranium? | 8 bones |
| How many bones in the face? | 14 bones |
| What bone is connected to the ethmoid bone, and together they form the nasal septum? | Vomer |
| What are the three small bones of the middle ear called? | malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup) |
| What is the function of the bones of the middle ear? | transmit and amplify vibrations to the ear drum and inner ear |
| The vertebral column consists of how many moveable true vertebrae? | 24 |
| What is the first of the cervical vertebrae called? | atlas |
| What is the second cervical vertebrae that is highly specialized? | axis |
| Which cervical vertebrae has a prominent projection that can easily be palpated? | the seventh |
| How many thoracic vertebrae? | 12 |
| How many lumbar vertebrae? | 5 |
| What is a cone shaped boney cage about as wide and it is deep? | thorax |
| What are the first 7 pairs of ribs called? | true ribs |
| What are the last remaining five ribs called? | False ribs |
| The last two pair of ribs are called what? | Floating ribs |
| the longest bone of the upper extremity? | Humerus |
| What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? | the upper and lower extremities |
| what are bones that develop within a tendon known as? | sesamoid bones |
| What is the term for immovable joints? | synarthoses |
| What is the term for slightly moveable joints? | amphiarthroses |
| What is the term for freely moveable joints? | diarthroses |
| What are the classifications of freely moveable joints? | ball-in-socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, and saddle joints |
| what reach across joints from one bone to another? | ligaments |
| what is it called when ligaments are torn? | sprain |
| Bending the arm or leg. | Flexion |
| Straightening or unbending, as in straightening the forearm, leg, or fingers. | Extension |
| The movement of the hips and shoulders. | Circumduction |
| Bringing an extremity toward the body. | Adduction |
| Moving an extremity away from the body. | Abduction |
| What are the three functions of muscle? | providing movement, maintaining body posture, and providing heat. |
| A contracting muscle is referred to as what? | A prime mover. |
| Ability of a muscle to become shorter or thicker. | Contractibility |
| What is it the term for when a muscle is stimulated? | excitability or irritability |
| Muscles ability to stretch when force is applied. | extensibility |
| Muscle contraction that occurs when the muscle is stimulated. | Isotonic |
| Muscle contraction that occurs when the muscle is stimulated and shortens. | Isometric |
| What is a continual state of partial contraction that gives muscle firmness? | Tonicity |
| Muscle regaining its original form when force is removed. | Elasticity |
| What happens when a muscle dies? | It becomes solid and rigid and no longer reacts. |
| Rigor mortis occurs how long after death? | 10 minutes to several hours |
| The process of chewing food in preparation for swallowing and digestion. | Mastication |
| What is the four types of taste sensation? | sweet, sour, bitter and salty |
| Swallowing of food. | Deglutination |
| Fan-shape muscle located on the side of the skull. | temporalis |
| What muscle is located on both sides of the neck? | Sternocleidomastoid |
| What is the site of choice for IM injections? | gluteus maximus |
| What is the longest muscle in the body? | Sartorius |
| what is the primary muscle of respiration? | Diaphragm |
| What is the total blood volume of the average adult? | 5 to 6 liters |
| Plasma constitutes what percent of whole blood? | 55 percent |
| What percent of whole blood is the blood cells suspended in the plasma? | 45 percent |
| When blood components separate and the WBC's and platelets form a thin layer called what? | The buffy coat |
| What are erythrocytes? | red blood cells |
| What is the key of the red blood cell ability to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide? | hemoglobin |
| Red blood cells only live how long? | 100 to 200 days |
| What are white blood cells? | leukocytes |
| What is a normal WBC? | 6,000 to 8,000 per cubic millimeter |
| What may the number of white cells be during infection? | 15,000 to 20,000 |
| What disease is inherited and characterized by delayed clotting of the blood and consequent difficulty in controlling hemorrhage? | Hemophilia |
| What is the movement called when leukocytes squeeze between the cells that form blood cell walls? | diapedesis |
| What is the process of engulfing disease-bearing bacteria and foreign matter called? | Phagocytosis |
| What is the membranous sac that encloses the heart? | The pericardium |
| What part of the heart receives blood from the veins? | the atrium |
| what part of the heart receives blood form the atrium and pumps it out to the arteries? | ventricle |
| Contraction of the heart is called? | systole |
| Relaxation of the heart is called? | diastole |
| What is commonly called the pacemaker of the heart? | The sinoatrial (SA) node |
| what blood vessels are the distributors? | arteries |
| what blood vessels are the exchangers? | capillaries |
| What blood vessels are the collectors? | veins |
| The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is know as? | pulse pressure |
| What is the largest artery in the body? | the aorta |
| What system contains the only veins in the body that carry freshly oxygenated blood? | pulmonary system |
| What vein is most commonly used for venipuncture? | median cubital |
| What are contained in lymph nodes and engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris? | macrophages |
| What part of the brain is concerned chiefly with bringing balance, harmony and coordination to the motions? | Cerebellum |
| What part of the brain is associated with higher mental processes such as memory? | the frontal lobe |
| What part of the brain is concerned with general sensation? | parietal lobe |
| What part of the brain is related to the sense of sight? | occipital lobe |
| What part of the brain is concerned with hearing? | temporal lobe |
| What part of the brain are the centers for the control of heart action, breathing, circulation, and other vital processes like blood pressure? | the medulla oblongata |
| What are the three layers of membranes on the outer surface of the brain? | meninges |
| What does the PNS include? | 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
| What is the cranial nerve that provides the sense of smell? | The olfactory nerve/first cranial nerve |
| What cranial nerve controls the roof of the mouth, vocal cords and tone of voice? | The tenth or vagus nerve |
| What cranial nerve is for vision? | the second or optic nerve |
| What three cranial nerves control eye movement? | Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens |
| What cranial nerve governs sensation of the forehead, face and clenching of the jaw? | The sixth or trigeminal |
| What cranial nerve controls the muscles of the face? | The seventh or facial nerve |
| what cranial nerve controls hearing and balance? | The eighth or acoustic |
| What cranial nerve transmits sensation from the upper mouth and throat? | the ninth or glossopharyngeal |
| What cranial nerve governs the muscle activity of the tongue? | The 12th or hypoglossal |
| what nerve controls the turning of the head from side to side? | the 11th or spinal accessory |
| How much of the eyeball lie recessed in orbit? | 5/6 |
| what is the condition called when the pressure increases in the eye and causes blindness? | glaucoma |
| rods respond to low intensities of light and are responsible for what type of vision? | night vision |
| cones require higher light intensities for stimulation and what type of vision? | color vision and day vision |
| what is known as the hearing organ? | the organ of corti |
| A small snail shaped structure where the cochlear duct is located? | cochlea |
| what structure of the brain synthesizes chemicals that are secreted to the pituitary gland to release hormones and to help regulate body temperature? | hypothalamus |
| What is the growth hormone that influences body growth? | somatotropin |
| What is an overproduction or underproduction or somatotropin cause? | giantism or dwarfism |
| An overproduction of somatotropin after the growth years causes what? | acromegaly, abnormally large hands, feet and jaw |
| What does the hormone oxytocin do? | stimulates contraction of the muscles of the uterus. |
| What is a lid-like, leaf-shaped cartilaginous structure that covers the entrance to the larynx and separates it from the pharynx? | The epiglottis |
| What is the "voice box"? | The larynx |
| What is the nerve controlling the diaphragm? | the phrenic nerve |
| What is the nerve controlling the larynx? | the vagus nerve |
| The amount of air left in the lungs after forceful exhalation is about 1,200 ml and is know as what? | residual air |
| What is the wavelike motion of the intestines moving food called? | peristalsis |
| What is the length of the alimentary canal? | 9 meters |
| What is a muscular tube about 25cm/10" long and pierces the diaphragm on the way to the stomach? | Esophagus |
| What is the principal digestive enzyme? | pepsinogen |
| What is a protein-splitting enzyme capable of beginning the digestion of all types of dietary protein? | Pepsin |
| Most food absorption takes place where? | In the small intestine |
| What is the long narrow tube with a blind end, is a pouchlike structure to which there is no known function? | the appendix |
| What is the functional unit of the kidneys? | nephron |
| What are effective blood purifiers and fluid balance regulators? | the kidneys |
Created by:
RabbittDK10
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