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Neural - breathing
Week 1 - neural control of breathing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three respiratory centres in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata and pons? | Ventral respiratory group, dorsal respiratory group and pontine respiratory group |
| Where are the respiratory centres located? | Medulla oblongata and pons |
| What are the two webs of neurons in the VRG? | Inspiratory (I) neurons and expiratory (E) neurons |
| Which respiratory centre is the primary generator of the respiratory rhythm? | Ventral respiratory group (VRG) |
| In eupnea, how long do I nerve fibres fire for? | About 2 seconds at a time |
| Describe the path of the I nerves during quiet breathing? | Issue nerve signals to the spinal cord. Output from the spinal centres travel via phrenic nerves to the diaphragm, and via intercostal nerves to the external intercostal muscles |
| What happens to E nerves when I nerves are firing? | I nerves inhibit E nerves |
| What causes the I nerves to stop firing? | Fatigue or inhibittion |
| How long does elastic recoil last for? | Around 3 seconds |
| What is the Dorsal Respiratory Group? | A web of neurons that extends for much of the length of the medulla between the VRG and central canal of the brainstem |
| Where does the DRG receive input from? | -Respiratory centre in the pons -Chemosensitive centre of the anterior medulla oblongata -Chemoreceptors in certain major arteries -Stretch and irritant receptors in the airway |
| What does the DRG do? | Issues output to the VRG that modifies the respiratory rhythm to ranging conditions |
| What does the pontine respiratory group do? | Issues output on to the DRG and VRG. In order to quicken or slow the transition of inspiration to expiration. Modifies the rhythm of the VRG |
| Where does the pontine respiratory group receive input from? | Hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex |
| What circumstances effect the PRG? | Adapts breathing to cicumstances such as sleeping, crying, gasping or laughing |
| Where are central chemoreceptors located? | Either side of the medulla oblongata, 0.2mm beneath its anterior surface |
| What do central chemoreceptors respond to? | Changes of pH of the cerebrospinal fluid |
| What does the pH of the CSF reflects? | level of CO2 in the blood |
| Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located, and what do they respond to? | Carotid and aortic bodies of the large arteries of the heart. They respond to the O2 and CO2 content and the pH of the blood |
| How do the carotid bodies of the large arteries of the heart communicate with the brainstem? | Glossopharangeal nerves |
| How do the aortic bodies communicate with the brainstem? | Vagus nerves |
| Where are stretch receptors located? | Smooth muscles of bronchi, bronchioles and visceral pleura |
| How do the stretch receptors respond to inflation of the lungs and signal the DRG? | Vagus nerves |
| Where are irritant receptors located? | They are nerve endings in the epithelial cells of the airways |
| How do irritant receptors communicate with the DRG? | Vagus nerves |
| Where does the voluntary control of breathing originate? | In the motor cortex of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum |
| What are the two divisions of the ANS? | Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system located? | In the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord between T1 and L2 or L3 |
| Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system located? | In the brainstem and sacral portion of the spinal cord |
| Where do preganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system exit the brain stem? | 3rd, 7th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerve |
| Where to the preganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system exit the spinal cord? | At S2 and S3 |
| What is the 10th cranial nerve? | Vagus nerve |
| When is the parasympathetic division of the ANS most active? | Under quite conditions, during rest |
| What is a ganglion? | A structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on the neuron |
| What neurotransmitter do sympathetic pathways usually use? | Acetylcholine and norepinephrine before ganglion. Norepinephrine after the ganglion |
| What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic pathway use? | Acetylcholine both post- and pre- ganglionic synapses |
| How are the transmitter signals switched off? | Either the enzyme destroys the transmitter or the transmitter is re-captured by presynaptic nerve terminals |
| What are the two classes of norepinephrine receptors in tissues? | Alpha and beta. Subtypes are alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2 |
| Which subunit of receptors does norepinephrine usually stimulate? | alpha receptors |
| Which subunits of receptors does epinephrine usually stimulate? | Alpha and beta equally |
| Which branch of the ANS stimulates the fight-or-flight response? | Sympathetic |
| The parasympathetic nervous system is anabolic; what does this mean? | It conserves and restores |
| Which parts of the brain are involved in the fight or flight response? | The hypothalamus, amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex |
| What does Cannon's fight-or-flight response suggest about stress? | External sources and stimuli trigger increased activity rate and increased arousal. This considers stress to be an adaptive response as individuals respond differently to stimuli |
Created by:
Sandersem2
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