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The Skeletal System
Health Science 1, Ms. Cygul
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four types of bones? | Long, short, flat, and irregular |
| What do some scientists recognize as an additional category of the types of bones? | Sesamoid, or round, bones |
| Long bone | Longer than it is wider; humerus |
| Short bone | Wider than they are longer; carpals |
| Flat bone | Flatter than they are rounded; frontal bone, skull, pelvis, sternum |
| Irregular bone | Not long, short or flat; vertebrae |
| Diaphysis | Shaft; hallow tube made of hard compact bone; rigid and strong; light enough to move |
| Medullary cavity | Hallow area inside diaphysis; contains soft, yellow bone marrow |
| Yellow bone marrow | An inactive, fatty form of marrow found in adult skeleton |
| Epiphyses | Ends of bone; red marrow fills small spaces in spongy bone |
| Articular cartilage | Think layer of cartilage that covers each epiphysis; acts like small rubber cushion |
| Periosteum | Strong, fibrous membrane; covers long bone everywhere except where there is articular cartilage |
| Endosteum | Thin membrane that lines medullary cavity |
| What does the structure of flat bones consist of? | Compact bone, cancellous bone, and trabeculae |
| Compact bone | Dense; thin layer that surrounds cancellous bone |
| Cancellous bone | Spongy bone or diploe in flat bone; inside of thin layer of compact bone; contains many spaces that may be filled with marrow |
| Trabeculae | Bony portions of spongy bone that surround open spaces; needle-like threads of spongy bone that surround a network of spaces |
| What are the two major types of connective tissue in bones? | Bone and cartilage |
| How is compact bone organized? | Osteons or haversian systems |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells that used to be osteoblasts |
| Osteoblasts | Active bone building cells; eventually surround themselves with new bone and become osteocytes located in lacunae |
| Osteoclasts | Bone-resorbing cells |
| Endochondral ossification | Formed in cartilage; many bones of the body are formed from cartilage models |
| Sinuses | Spaces or cavities inside some cranial bones |
| Mastoiditis | Inflammation of air spaces within mastoid portion of temporal bone |
| Fontanels | Areas where ossification is incomplete at birth |
| Epiphyseal fracture | Epiphyseal is separated from diaphysis or epiphysis; can inhibit normal growth |
| Avulsion fracture | Fragment of bone breaks away from entire bone |
| Osteosarcoma | Most common and serious type of malignant bone neoplasm |
| Chondrosarcoma | Cancer of skeletal hyaline cartilage; second most common cancer |
| Osteoporosis | Loss of calcified bone matrix; reduction in number of trabeculae; bones fracture easily |
| Rickets | Loss of bone minerals in the young, before skeletal maturity; gross skeletal changes; treated with vitamin D |
| Osteomalacia | Loss of bone minerals in mature bones; more chances of getting a fracture; treated with vitamin D |
| Paget disease (osteitis deformans) | Faulty remodeling results in bones that fracture easily; genetic or viral |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone) | Bones are brittle due to lack of organic matrix; |
| Osteomyelitis | Bacterial infection |
| Noninflammatory joint disorders | Sinovial membrane does not get inflamed; local symptoms; |
| Osteoarthritis (DJD) | Most common inflammatory disorder of movable joints; "wear and tear arthritis" |
| Inflammatory joint disorders | Arthritis; synovial membrane becomes inflamed; systematic signs and symptoms |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Systemic autoimmune disease; chronic inflammation of synovial membrane with involvement of other tissues such as blood vessels, eyes, heart, and lungs |
| Gouty arthritis | Synovial inflammation caused by gout, a condition in which sodium urate crystals form in joints and other tissues |
| Infectious arthritis | Arthritis resulting from infection by a pathogen |
Created by:
StudyFalcon
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