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Unit 5
Civil Rights
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Thomas Jefferson declared that "all men are created equal". What did the U.S. interperete that statement to mean? | A belief in political equality, legal equality, and equality of opportunity. |
| The Constitution or Bill of Rights never stated what important word? | Equality |
| Reasonable classification | Reasonable and feasable separation and denial to certain individuals and groups |
| Classification by race is inherently suspect, and therefore must pass a ____ _______ test. | Strict scrutiny |
| What must classification by race be justified by? | A "compelling public interest". |
| Dred Scott? (1857) | Slave that sued for his freedom. |
| What was the decsion on Scott's case? | He was defeated. |
| What was the rationale for Dred Scott's ruling? | He was not considered a person due to his race and his work as a slave. |
| What were the three reconstruction amendments? | 13, 14, 15 |
| Thirteenth Amendment? | Outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude. |
| Fourteenth Amendment? | Equal Protection clause-Due Process clause-Made former slaves citizens. |
| Fifteenth Amendment? | Gave African-American males the right to vote. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Lousiana law-seperate but equal accomodations for whites and blacks on railroad coaches. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Rationale? | SCOTUS-Constitutional as long as "seperate but equal". |
| What were the main ways the African-Americans were discouraged from voting? | Poll taxes, literacy tests, and white primaries. |
| Poll taxes? | Required voters to pay before doing so. |
| Literacy tests? | A difficult reading comprehension test required before voting. |
| White primary? | Primary election only for whites. |
| In 1960, 29% of African Americans of voting age were registered in the south. What percent of whites were? | 61% |
| What amendment prohibited poll taxes in federal elections? | Twenty-Fourth |
| In what year did were poll taxes in state elections voided? | 1966 |
| What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 do? | It outlawed literacy tests and other similar discriminitory practices for A-A voters. Provided oversight over areas that had a history of discrimintory practices. |
| What is gerrymandering? | Drawing district lines to favor the party of the drawers. |
| What is racial gerrymandering? | Drawing district lines to either favor or harm minorities' chances in elections. |
| Shaw v. Reno (1993) | SCOTUS-oddly shaped minority-majority districts would be held to scrict scrutiny under th Equal Protection Clause. |
| What did SCOTUS say should be presumed unconstitutional in drawing district lines? | Use of race |
| Although women were considered citizens, what did they lack? | Political rights |
| What were some examples of what women could not do? | Divorce, sign contracts, or dispose of property. |
| The Supreme Court even broke what clause when speaking of women's rights? | The Establishment Clause. |
| Women were also denied...? | Educational and Career oprotunities |
| What happened at Seneca Falls? | A convention that called for the abolition of all discriminitory practices against women. |
| Who organized Seneca Falls? | Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucria Mott |
| What amendment guaranteed women the right to vote? | Nineteenth |
| What did the ERA do? | It guaranteed equal rights no matter what gender. |
| What happened to the ERA? | It fell three states short of the three-fourths needed for ratification. |
| The Equal Pay Act of 1963 did what? | Required employers to pay equal wages to both men and women. |
| The Civil Rights Act of 1964 did what for women? | Prohibited employment discrimination due to race or sex. |
| What organization was formed in 1966 by Betty Friedan? | The National Organization for Women (NOW) |
| Reed v. Reed (1971) | Law in Idaho automatically preferred the father over the mother for the acquisition of a deceased son's estate. |
| Reed v. Reed (1971) Ruling? | Wife won; gender discrimination must be reasonable. |
| Title IX of the Education Act of 1972? | Prohibits educational institutions that recieved federal funds form discriminating against female students. |
| What is Affirmative Action? | An executive order issued by President Johnson in 1965 that required employers and unions that worked witht eh federal government to take action in hiring minorities. |
| What do supporters think of Aff.Act.? | It makes up for past injustice and that more minorites and women in the workforce is an important goal. |
| What do critics think? | Reverse discrimination, should promote equal opprotunity, not equal results. |
| Reverse discrimination? | From discriminating a minority group to doing the same to a majority group, treating them as the minority was. |
| UOC v. Bakke (1978) | Bakke(white) wanted in medical school, declined, found out that minorites were getting in with lower scores, sued. |
| UOC v. Bakke (1978) Ruling? | Won, the school's quota system violated the fourteenth amendment. |
| LULAC? | League of United Latin American Citizens-protects the rights of Latin American citizens. |
| FAPE? | Free Appropriate Public Education |
| On average, how much does a woman earn for every dollar a man earns? | $0.81 |
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1314ryanmartin
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