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Supreme Court Cases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Marbury v. Madison 1803 | Established judicial review ; “midnight judges;” John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court. |
| McColluch v.Maryland 1819 | Established national supremacy; established implied powers; use of the elastic clause; state unable to tax fed. Institution; John Marshall; “the power to tax involves the power to destroy. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 | Established separate, but equal. |
| Schenck v. U.S. 1919 | Oliver Wendell Holmes; clear and present danger test; shouting “fire” in a crowded theater; limits on speech, esp. in wartime |
| Gitlow v. NY 1925 | Established precedent of federalizing Bill of Rights (applying them to the states); states cannot deny freedom of speech – protected through due process clause of Amendment 14. |
| Palko v. Connecticut 1937 | Provided test for determining which parts of the Bill of Rights should be federalized – those which are implicitly or explicitly necessary for liberty to exist. |
| Brown v. Board, 1st 1954 | School segregation unconstitutional; segregation psychologically damaging to blacks; overturned Plessy; use of 14th amendment; judicial activism of Warren Court; unanimous decision |
| Brown v. Board, 2nd 1955 | Ordered schools to desegregate “with all due and deliberate speed.” |
| Mapp v. Ohio 1961 | Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court; Warren Court’s judicial activism |
| Engel v. Vitale 1962 | Prohibited state-sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of 1st amd.’s establishment clause and the 14th amd’s due process clause; Warren Court’s judicial activism |
| Baker v. Carr 1962 | “One man, one vote.” Ordered state legislative districts to be as near equal as possible in population; Warren Court’s judicial activism |
| Abbington v. Schempp 1963 | Prohibited devotional Bible reading in public schools by virtue of the establishment clause and due process clause; Warren Court’s judicial activism |
| Gideon v. Wainwright 1963 | Ordered states to provide lawyers for those unable to afford them in criminal proceedings. Warren Court’s judicial activism in criminal rights. |
| Wesberry v. Sanders 1963 | Ordered House districts to be as near equal in population as possible. |
| Griswold v. Connecticut 1965 | Established right of privacy through 4th and 9th amendments. Set precedent for Roe v. Wade |
| Miranda v. Arizona 1966 | Established Miranda warnings of counsel and silence. Must be given before questioning. Warren Court’s judicial activism in criminal rights. |
| Epperson v. Arkansas 1968 | Prohibited states from banning the teaching of evolution. |
| Lemon v. Kurtzman 1971 | Established 3-part test to determine if establishment clause is violated: nonsecular purpose, advances/inhibits religion, excessive entanglement with govt. |
| Roe v. Wade 1973 | Established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines: no state interference in the 1st tri., state may regulate to protect health of mother in the 2nd tri., state may regulate to protect the health of the baby in the 3rd tri. |
| Buckley v. Valeo 1976 | 1st amendment protects campaign spending; legislatures can limit contributions, but not how much one spends of his own money on campaigns. |
| UC Regents v. Bakke 1978 | Alan Bakke and UC Davis Medical School; strict quotas unconstitutional, but states may allow race to be taken into account as ONE factor in admissions decisions. Bakke admitted. |
| Webster v. Reproductive Health Services 1987 | More leeway for states in regulating abortion. |
| Planned Parenthood v. Casey 1992 | States can regulate abortion, but not with regulations that impose an “undue burden” upon women; did not overturn Roe, but gave states more leeway in regulating abortion (24 hr waiting period, parental consent for minors) |
| Shaw v. Reno 1993 | No racial gerrymandering. Race cannot be the sole or predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries; majority-minority districts |
| U.S. v. Lopez 1995 | Gun Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress’ authority to regulate interstate commerce |
| Clinton v. NY 1998 | Banned presidential use of line item veto |
| Bush v. Gore 2000 | Use of 14th amendment’s equal protection clause to stop the Florida recount in the 2000 election |
| Atkins v. Virginia 2002 | Banned use of death penalty for mentally disabled |
| Zelman v. Simmons-Harris 2002 | Public money can be used to send disadvantaged children to religious schools in tuition voucher programs |
| Board v. Pottawatomie 2002 | School districts can impose random drug tests on students involved in extracurricular activities |
| Ashcroft v. ACLU 2002 | Struck down a federal ban on “virtual” child pornography |
| Lawrence v. Texas 2003 | Using right of privacy, struck down Texas law banning sodomy |
| Gratz v. Bollinger 2003 | Struck down use of “bonus points” for race in undergrad admissions at University of Michigan |
| Grutter v. Bollinger 2003 | Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at University of Michigan |
| Kelo v. City of New London 2005 | Eminent domain case: Local governments may force the sale of private property and make way for private economic development when officials decide it would benefit the public |
| Gonzales v. Carhart 2007 | Upheld Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 |
| Citizen’s United v. FEC 2010 | Allowed unlimited foreign corporate contributions in US campaigns |
| US v. Windsor 2013 | The Defense of Marriage Act’s section 3, which defined marriage as a union between a man and a woman, was declared unconstitutional by the 5th amendment’s Due Process Clauses guarantee of equal protection. |
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