Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
FNS 9: Cerebrum
Neuro Lecture 9: Cerebral Cortex IIa
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the borders of the parietal lobe? | central sulcus, lateral sulcus, and the line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preoccipital notch |
| Name the 3 major functional regions of the parietal lobe | 1. primary somatosensory cortex, 2. somatosensory association cortex, and 3. posterior parietal cortex |
| What is the main function of the primary somatosensory cortex? | conscious awareness of discriminative aspects of somatic sensation (although some general aspects of pain+temperature reach consciousness at the thalamus) |
| What happens with electrical stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex? | modified forms of tactile sensation (tingling) |
| What happens with high intensity stimulation to the primary somatosensory cortex? Why? | motor responses on contralateral body- contributing fibers to corticospinal tract |
| What is plasticity? When does it occur? | the ability to reorganize in an experience-driven manner; normally occurs during development, but can also follow damage/loss of afferent input |
| What is the given example of plasticity due to a loss of peripheral input? | amputation of the 3rd digit- the cortex of d2 and 4 spread to utilize the space that was previously d3 |
| What is the 3rd way that cortical representation can be altered? | non-pathological events like stringed instrumentalists or Braille readers |
| Where is the somatosensory association cortex? | the anterior part of the superior parietal lobule |
| What BA is the somatosensory association cortex? | BA 5 & 7a |
| Where does the somatosensory association cortex receive major input from? | primary somatosensory cortex |
| Where does the somatosensory association cortex send major output to? | posterior parietal cortex |
| What is the function of the somatosensory association cortex? | integration of somatosensory info, important for use of tactile/proprioceptive info to build a mental image of unseen stimulus |
| What is another name for astereognosis? | tactile agnosia |
| What is astereognosis? | inability to correlate surface texture, shape, size, weight, etc or correlate somatosensory input with previous experience (but somatosensory fx intact and concepts of objects are intact) |
| What is a lexical aspect of stereognosis? | “I know the name of this object” |
| What is a mnemonic aspect of stereognosis? | “this is an object I’ve seen this before” |
| Where is the posterior parietal cortex? | mostly in the inferior parietal lobule |
| What are the 3 structures included in the posterior parietal cortex? | 1. supramarginal gyrus, 2. angular gyrus, and 3. posterior part of superior parietal lobule |
| Which BA is the supramarginal gyrus? | 40 |
| Which BA is the angular gyrus? | BA 39 |
| Which BA is the posterior part of the superior parietal lobule? | BA 7b |
| Where are the 3 areas that have reciprocal connections with the PPC? | 1. sensory association areas, 2. Pulvinar and lateral thalamic nuclear group, 3. Frontal cortical regions |
| What are the 3 sensory association areas that have reciprocal connections with the PPC? What are their BAs? | 1. somatosensory (BA 5, 7a); 2. visual (BA 18, 19); and 3. auditory (42, 22) |
| What are the 3 frontal cortical regions that have reciprocal connections with the PPC? | 1. Prefrontal cortex, 2. Premotor cortex, and 3. Anterior cingulate cortex and frontal eye fields |
| What is the prefrontal cortex important for? | Modulating behaviors |
| What is the premotor cortex important for? | temporal and spatial coordination of complex movement patterns |
| What is the anterior cingulate cortex and frontal eye fields important for? | attention |
| What are “Bottom up” attentional processes? Are they effortful or automatic? | PPC recruits frontal attentional networks- automatic (ex. PPC registers the sensory event and recruits the frontal cortex to direct gaze towards stimulus) |
| What are “Top down” attentional processes? Are they effortful or automatic? | driven by rules & concepts- comparing a mental representation with the actual sensory experience (Waldo)- Effortful |
| Is Bottom-Up processing exogenous or endogenous? Top Down? | Bottom-up is exogenous and Top-Down is endogenous |
| Are PPC functions bilateral or hemispherically lateralized? | hemispherically lateralized |
| What are the PPC functions in the dominant hemisphere? | Reading, writing, arithmetic |
| What are the PPC functions in the non-dominant hemisphere? | spatial representations of stimuli and focusing attention on sensory input |
| What happens with lesions of the dominant hemisphere PPC? | Gerstmann’s syndrome |
| What are S+S of Gerstmann’s syndrome? | 1. Finger agnosia, 2. left-right confusion, 3. Acalculia, and 4. Agraphia |
| What is finger agnosia? | inability to identify fingers |
| What is acalculia? | impaired ability to perform even basic math calculations |
| What is agraphia? | impaired ability to write |
| What happens with lesions of the non-dominant hemisphere PPC? | 1. Impairments in understanding spatial relationships, 2. anosognosia, and 3. contralateral neglect |
| What is an example of impairments in understanding spatial relationships? | difficulty drawing and reading maps |
| What is anosognosia? | denial of or failure to acknowledge disability (like when a stroke affects the primary motor cortex) |
| What is contralateral neglect? | failure to acknowledge stimuli in the contralateral sensory field; lack of attention to contralateral side of body |
| Why is isn’t contralateral neglect typically observed in the right sensory field? | the right sensory field is thought to be mediated by both hemispheres, so damage can be compensated for by the intact left PPC. The left field is only mediated by the right, so if it's injured, you have no compensation |
| What happens with bilateral PPC damage? | simultagnosia |
| What is simultagnosia? | inability to simultaneously visually perceive multiple objects in the visual field (“Do you see circles of different colors? No No Yes”) |
| What is the syndrome whose core feature is simultagnosia? | Balint’s syndrome |
| Where is the insular lobe? | depths of the lateral sulcus |
| Which BA are the insular lobe associated with? | BA 13-16 |
| What are the 4 main structural features of the insular lobe? | 1. short gyri, 2. circular sulcus, 3. long gyrus, 4. central insular sulcus |
| What are the 3 areas of the brain with reciprocal connections to the insula? | 1. somatosensory cortical regions (esp. association areas), 2. thalamic nuclei for vestibular/visual sensation, and 3. amygdala |
| What are the 4 functions of the insula? | 1. visceral sensory and autonomic, 2. gustation, 3. vestibular senation, and 4. interoception |
| Why would the insula have connections with the limbic regions? | emotional component of visceral pain |
| What is gustation? | integration of olfaction and taste “flavor” |
| Where does the primary gustatory cortex extend into? | anterior dorsal insula |
| What is the posterior insula involved in? | vestibular processing |
| What is interoception? | a subjective sense of physiological condition (which requires integration of sensory and emotional components) |
| Where does interoception occur? | posterior portion of the dorsal insula |
| Is interoception lateralized? | perhaps to the non-dominant (right) hemisphere |
| What interesting finding is related to smokers and the insula? | With insular strokes, smokers lost their addiction, found it easy to give up smoking or “forgot” to be addicted- consistent with interoception |
Created by:
mbyess
Popular Neuroscience sets