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Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ability to shorten with force | contractility |
| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen (more efficient) |
| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells. |
| muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells. |
| origin | the most stationary end of the muscle |
| insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| belly | the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| muscle tone | muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time |
| fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly |
| slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. |
| isometric | (equal distance) - the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process |
| isotonic | (equal tension), the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes |
| creatine phosphate | stored high-energy molecule from muscles that rest which cannot stockpile ATP |
| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| threshold | a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level |
| all-or-none response | muscle fiber that will not contract maximally |
| acetylcholinesterase | the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzyme |
| sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction |
| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated |
| what is ATP needed for? | energy for muscle contraction |
| where is ATP produced? | mitochondria |
| resting membrane potential | the charge difference across the membrane |
| action potential | the brief reversal back of the charge |
| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| neuromuscular junction/ synapse | the branched axons that connect to the muscle |
| motor unit | single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| presynaptic terminal | the enlarged nerve terminal |
| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| acetylcholine | the secretion of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vessels |
| contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| extensibility | the ability to be stretched |
| epimysium | the connective tissue sheathe that surrounds each skeletal muscle |
| fascia | another connective tissue located outside the epimysium, surrounds and separates muscles |
| myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other |
| actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments - resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together |
| myosine myofilaments | thick myofilaments - resemble bundles of minute golf club |
| sarcomeres | actin and myosine myofilaments form highly ordered units |
| the basic structural and functional unity of the muscle | sarcomere |
| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| prime mover | one muscle that plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement |
| erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back, responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect. |
| thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax |
| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing/ dome shaped muscle/ aids in breathing |
| rectus abdominus | each side of the linea and alba |
| tendinous inscriptions | cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations |
| trapezius | rotates scapula |
| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| latissimus dorsi | meially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm "swimmer muscles" |
| deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb |
| triceps brachii | extends the forearm/ posterior compartment of the arm |
| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm/ anterior compartment of the arm |
| brachialis | flexes forearm |
| brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm |
| retinaculum (bracelet) | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not "bowstring" during muscle contraction |
| flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers |
| extensor digitorum | extends the fingers |
| gluteus maximus | buttocks |
| quadriceps femoris | extends leg; anterior thigh muscle |
| sartorius | "tailors muscle"; flexes the thigh |
| hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscle; flexes the leg and extend the thigh |
| gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscle. they join to form the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) / flex the foot and toes |
| mastication | chewing |
| frontalis | the muscle that covers the frontal bone |
| temoralis | the muscle that covers the temporal bone |
Created by:
JJeffers12
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