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Eastham-Chapter6
Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ability to shorten with force | Contractility |
| Capacity to respond to a stimulus | Excitability |
| Ability to be stretched | Extensibility |
| Ability to recoil their original resting length after they have beem stretched | Elasticity |
| Skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath | epimysium |
| Another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. Surrounds and separates muscles | Fascia |
| Surrounded by loose conective tissue | perimysium |
| Fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells | fibers |
| surrounded by a conective tissue sheath | endomysium |
| Thread like structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | Myofibrils |
| Thin myofilaments | Actin Myofilaments |
| Thick Myofilaments | Myosin Myofilaments |
| joined end to end to form the myofibril | sarcomeres |
| Charge difference across the membrane | resting membrane potential |
| Brief reversal back of the charge | action potential |
| Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fiberz | Motor Neurons |
| Branch that conects to the muscle forms a ________ _______ or _______ near the center of the cell. | Neuromuscluar Function or Synapse |
| Single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates | Motor Unit |
| Enlarged nerve terminal | Presynaptic Terminal |
| Space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | Synaptic Cleft |
| Muscle Fiber | Postsynaptic Terminal |
| Presynaptic Terminal contains | Synaptic Vesicles |
| Diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptiv terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell | Acetylcholine |
| Rapidly broken down by an enzymes | Acetylcholinesterase |
| Sliding of the actin myofliaments past myosin myofliaments during contraction | Sliding filament mechanism |
| Contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | Muscle Twitch |
| Muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level | Threshold |
| Pint the muscle fiber will contract maximally | All-or-none response |
| Time Between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | Lag Phase |
| Time of contraction | Contraction Phase |
| Time durring which the muscle relaxes | Relaxation Phase |
| Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | Tetany |
| Increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment |
| Atrest they can`t stockpile ATP but they can store another high energy molecule | Creatine phosphate |
| Without Oxygen | Anaerobic Respiration |
| With Oxygen | Aerobic Respiration |
| Amount of Oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replemish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells | Oxygen Debt |
| Results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | Muscle Fatigue |
| Equal Distance (Holding Ball) | Isometric |
| Equal Tension (Throwing Ball) | Isotonic |
| Keeps head up and Back straight | Muscle Tone |
| Contract quickly and fatigue quickly | Fast-Twitch Fibers |
| Contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatique | Slow-Twitch Fibers |
| (Head) Most stationary end of the muscle | Origin |
| End of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | Insertion |
| Portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | Belly |
| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements | Synergists |
| Muscles that work in opposition to one another | Antagonists |
| Amomg a group of synerhists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | Prime Mover |
| Raises the eyebrows | Occipitofrontalis |
| Closes eye lids | Orbicularis Oculi |
| Pucker`s the lips | Bicularis Oris |
| Flattens the cheeks "Trumpeter`s Muscle" | buccinator |
| Smiling muscle | Zygomaticus |
| Sneering | Levator labii superoris |
| Frowning | Depressor Anguli Oris |
| Chewing | Mastication |
| Cahnges shape of the tongue | Intrinsic Tongue Muscles |
| Moves the tongue | Extrinsic Tongue Muscles |
| Sternocleidomastiod (Lateral Neck; Prime Mover)-(Rotates & Extends the head)-(Twisted neck;wry neck) | Neck Muscles |
| Tendious area of the abdominal wall | Linea Alba |
| each side of the linea alba | Rectus Abdominis |
| inscriptions cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations, causing the abdominal wall of a well-muscled person to appear segmented. | Tendinous Inscriptions |
| rotates scapula | Trapezius |
| pulls scapula anteriorly | Serratus Anterior |
| The arm is attached to the thorax | Pectoralis Major and Lastissimus dorsi muscles |
| adducts and flexes the arm | Pectoralis Major |
| – medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles” | Lastissimus Dorsi |
| attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb. | Deltoid |
| extends the forearm. Occupies the posterior compartment of the arm. | Triceps brachii |
| flexes the forearm. Occupies the anterior compartment of the arm. | Biceps brachii |
| flexes forearm | Brachialis |
| flexes and supinates the forearm. | Brachioradialis |
| strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not “bowstring” during muscle contraction. | Retinaculum (bracelet) |
| flexes the wrist. | Flexor carpi |
| extends the wrist | Extensor carpi |
| flexes the fingers | Flexor digitorum |
| extends the fingers. | Extensor digitorum |
| 19 hand muscles, , located within the hand | intrinsic hand muscles |
| muscles, located between the metacarpals, are responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers. | Interossi |
| buttocks. Contributes most of the mass of the buttocks | Gluteus maximus |
| hip muscle and common injection site. | Gluteus medius |
| extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles | Quadriceps femoris |
| “tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh | Sartorius |
| muscles – posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh. | Hamstring |
| form the calf muscle | Gastrocnemius and soleus |
| They join to form | calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon). Flex the foot and toes. |
| The lateral muscles of the leg | peroneus |
| 20 muscles located within the foot, muscles flex extend, abduct, and adduct the toes. | intrinsic foot |
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caitsthename
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