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Anatomy
Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the ability to shorten with force | contractility |
| skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability |
| the ability to be stretched | extensibility |
| ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity |
| help to produce heat essential for maintenance of normal body temp. | muscles |
| skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called | epimysium |
| another connective tissue located outside the epimysium | fascia |
| a muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called | muscle fasciculi (fascicle) |
| fiber is surrounded by connective tissue sheath called | endomysium |
| cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with | myofibrils |
| myofibrils consist of 2 major kinds of protein fibers | actin myofilament myosin myofilament |
| actin & myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called | sarcomeres |
| thin myofilaments resembles 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together | actin myofilament |
| thick myofilamenys resembles bundles of minute golf clubs | myosin myofilament |
| the arrangement of actin & myosin give a | banded appearance |
| on each side of Z line is a light area | I band |
| the darker central region in each sarcomere is called | A band |
| center of each sarcomere is another light area called | H zone |
| myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at a dark staining band called | M line |
| each sarcomere extends from | one Z line (disc) to another Z line (disc) |
| the charge difference across the membrane is called | resting membrane potential |
| the brief reversal back of the charge is called | action potenial |
| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons |
| each branch that connects to the muscle forms | neuromusclular junction |
| near the center of the cell | synapse |
| a single motor neuron & all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called | motor unit |
| enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal |
| the space between the presynaptic terminal & the muscle cell | synaptic cleft |
| the muscle fiber | postsynaptic terminal |
| each presynaptic terminal contains | synapyic vesicles |
| secretes a neurotransmitter called | acetylcholine |
| the acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft & binds to receptor molecules in the muscle cell membrane called | sarcolemma |
| acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron & muscle cell is rapidly broken down by enzymes | acetylcholinesterase |
| occurs as actin & myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten | muscle contraction |
| the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called | sliding filament mechanism |
| a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch |
| a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called | threshold |
| the muscle fiber will contract maximally this phenomenon is called | all-or-none response |
| the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron & the beginning of a contraction | lag phase |
| time of contraction | contraction phase |
| time during which the muscles relaxes | relaxation phase |
| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany |
| the increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment |
| needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
| ATP is produced in the | mitochondria |
| short-lived & unstable | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
| ATP degenerates to the more stable called | ADP (adenosine diphosphate) |
| it is necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce ATP; when at rest they can't stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule called | creatine phosphate |
| without oxygen | anaerobic respiration |
| with oxygen (more efficient) | aerobic respiration |
| the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose & to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells | oxygen debt |
| results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | muscle fatigue |
| (equal distance) the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process | isometric |
| (equal tension) the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes | isotonic |
| constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time; keeps head up & back straight | muscle tone |
| contract quickly & fatigue quickly; well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism Ex. white meat | fast-twitch fibers |
| contract more slowly 7 more resistant to fatigue; better suited fir aerobic metabolism Ex.dark meat | slow-twitch fibers |
| the points of attachment of each muscle are called | origin & insertion |
| at these attachment points the muscle is connected to the bone | tendon |
| (head) the most stationary end of the muscle | origin |
| the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion |
| portion of the muscle between the origin & the insertion is called | belly |
| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called | synergists |
| muscles that work in opposition to one another | antagonists |
| among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | prime mover |
| most muscles have names that are descriptive, some are named according to their location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, & function | nomenclature |
| raises the eyebrows | occipitofrontalis |
| closes eyelids | orbicularis oculi |
| 2 kissing muscles | orbicularis oris & buccinator |
| puckers the lips | orbicularis oris |
| flattens the cheeks " trumper"s muscles" | buccinator |
| smiling muscle | zygomaticus |
| sneering | levator labii superoris |
| frowning | depressor anguli oris |
| chewing | mastication |
| chewing muscles | temporalis & masseter |
| tongue muscles | intrinsic & extrinsic |
| changes the shape of the tongue | intrinsic |
| moves the tongue | extrinsic |
| lateral neck; prime mover; rotates and extends the head | strenocleidowastoid |
| twisted neck; wry neck | torticollis |
| extends the forearm | triceps brachii |
| flexes the forearm | biceps brachii |
| flexes forearm | brachialis |
| flexes and supinates the forearm | brachioraialis |
| flexes the wrist | flexor carpi |
| extends the wrist | extensor carpi |
| flexes the fingers | flexor digitorum |
| extends the fingers | extensor digitorum |
| buttocks | gluteus maximus |
| hip muscle & common injection site | gluteus medius |
| extends the leg; anterior thigh muscle | quadriceps femoris |
| "tailors muscle", flexes the thigh | sartorius |
| flexes the leg and extends the thigh: posterior thigh muscle | hamstring |
| form the calf muscle | gastrocnemius and soleus |
| flex the foot and toes | calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) |
| the lateral muscles of the leg | peroneus |
| 20 muscles within the foot | intrinsic foot |
| 19 hand muscles | intrinsic hand muscles |
| located between the metacarpals; responsible for abduction & adduction of the fingers | interossi |
| strong band of fibrous connective tissue that cover the flexor & extensor tendons & holds them in place | retinaculum (bracelet) |
| group of muscles on each side of the back | erector spine |
| elevate the ribs during inspiration | external intercostals |
| contract during forced inspiration | internal intercostals |
| tendinous area of the abdominal wall called | linea alba |
| on each side of the linea alba is the | rectus abdominis |
| cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations | tendinous inscriptions |
| rotates scapula | trapezius |
| pulls scapula anteriorly | serratus anterior |
| adducts and flexes the arm | pectoralis major |
| medially rotates,adducts, & powerfully extends the arm 'swimmer muscles" | latissimus dorsi |
| attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb | deltoid |
Created by:
alexishodge21
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