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Chapter 6 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. | Contractility |
| The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. | Excitability |
| The ability to be stretched. | Extensibility |
| The ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | Elasticity |
| Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissure called the | Epimysium |
| another connective tissue located outside the epimysium, Surrounds & seperates muscles | Fascia |
| A muscle composed of numerous visible bundles called muscle fasiculi which are surrounded by loose connective tissue called | perimysium |
| 4 Major Functional Characteristics | Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, Elasticity |
| Single muscle cells | fibers |
| Threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to another | myofibrils |
| thin myofaliments | actin myofilaments |
| thick myofilaments | myosin myofilaments |
| highly ordered units joined end to end to form the myofibril, basic structural & functional unity of muscle | sarcomeres |
| Dark | A Band |
| Light | I Band |
| Charge differences across the membrane | resting membrane potential |
| brief reversal back of the charge | action potential |
| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons |
| neuromuscular junction | synapse |
| single motor neuron & all skeletal muscle fibers it innervates | motor unit |
| enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal |
| space between the presynaptic terminal & muscle cell | synaptic cleft |
| secrete a neurotransmiter | synaptic vesicles |
| a neurotransmitter synaptic vessels secrete | acetylcholine |
| broken down by enzymes | acetylcholinesterase |
| sliding of actin filaments | sliding filament mechanism |
| contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | Muscle Twitch |
| muscle fiber will contract maximally | threshold |
| phenomenon of muscle fiber contracing maximally | all-or-none response |
| beginning of contraction | lag phase |
| time of contraction | contraction phase |
| time during muscle relaxes | relaxation phase |
| muscle remains contracted without relaxing | Tetany |
| increase in number of units being activated | recruitment |
| needed for energy muscle contraction, produced in mitochondria, short lived & unstable | ATP |
| Plus phosphate | ADP |
| another high energy molecule | creatine phosphate |
| anerobic | without oxygen |
| aerobic | with oxygen |
| amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions | oxygen debt |
| isometric | equal distance |
| isotonic | equal tension |
| constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time | muscle tone |
| Contract quickly & fatigue quickly | Fast Twitch Fibers |
| Slow- Twitch Fibers | contract more slowly & more resistant to fatigue. |
| most stationary end of muscle | origin |
| end of muscle undergoing greatest movement | insertion |
| portion of muscle between origion & insertion | belly |
| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements | synergists |
| muscles that work in opposition to one another | antagonists |
| muscle that plays major role in accomplishing desired movement | prime mover |
| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| Orbicularis Oculi (Crow's feet) | Closes eyelids |
| Orbicularis Oris | Puckers the lips |
| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks "Trumpeters muscle" |
| kissing muscles | orbicularis oris,Buccinator |
| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| Levator labii superoris | sneering |
| Depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| mastication | chewing |
| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles | changing the shape of the tongue |
| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles | Moves the tongue |
| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck; prime mover, rotates & extends the head |
| Torticollis | twisted neck; wry neck |
| Muscles that move the verterbral column | Trunk Muscles |
| Muscles that move the thorax | Thoracic Muscles |
| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing |
| Linea alba | tendinous area of the abdominal wall |
| Trapezius | rotates scapula |
| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles” |
| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb. |
| Triceps brachii | extends forearm. . Occupies the posterior compartment of the arm |
| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm, Occupies the anterior compartment of the arm. |
| Brachialis | flexes forearm |
| Brachioradialis | flexes & supinates the forearm |
| Retinaculum (bracelet) | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not “bowstring” during muscle contraction. |
| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| Flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers |
| Extensor digitorum | extends the fingers |
| Gluteus maximus | buttocks |
| Quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles |
| Sartorius | “tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh |
| Hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh. |
| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back. Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect. |
| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration. |
Created by:
melohyellow
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