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Chapter 6 muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractility. | The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. |
| Excitability. | The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. |
| Extensibility. | The ability to be stretched. |
| Elasticity. | Ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. |
| The skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called? | The epimysium. |
| Another connective tissue located outside epimysium, surrounds and separates muscles. | Fascia. |
| Loose connective tissue that surrounds muscle fasciculi. | Perimysium. |
| Threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other. | Myofibirils. |
| 2 major kinds of protein fibers. | Actin, and myosin. |
| Basic structural and fuctional unity of a muscle. | Sacromere. |
| Charge distance across the membrane. | Resting membrane potential. |
| Brief reversal back of the charge. | Action potential. |
| Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers. | Motor neurons. |
| Branch that connects to muscles. | Neuromusclular junction or synapse. |
| Single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates. | Motor Unit. |
| Enlarged nerve terminal. | Presynaptic terminal. |
| Space between presynaptic terminal and muscle cell. | Synaptic cleft. |
| Actin slides past myosin during contraction. | Sliding filament mechanism. |
| Contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus. | Muscle twitch. |
| Level the muscle fiber responds to stimulus. | Threshold. |
| Muscle fiber contacts maximally. | All-or-None response. |
| Time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and beginning of a contraction. | Lag phase. |
| Time of contraction. | Contraction phase. |
| Time during the muscle relaxes. | Relaxation phase. |
| Muscle remains contracted without relaxing. | Tetany. |
| Increase in number of motor units being activiated. | Recruitment. |
| ATP full name. | Adenosine triphosphate. |
| Where ATP is produced | Mitochondria. |
| ATP degenerates to. | ADP |
| ADP full name | Adenosine diphosphate. |
| Another high-energy molecule. | Creatine phosphate. |
| Anaerobic respiration. | Occurs without oxygen. |
| Aerobic respiration. | Occurs with oxygen. |
| Amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose. | Oxygen debt. |
| When ATP is used faster than produced. | Muscle fatigue. |
| Length of muscle does not change, amount of tension increases. | Isometric. |
| Tension is constant, but length changes. | Isotonic. |
| Constant tension produced by muscles of body for long periods of time. | Muscle Tone. |
| Contracts quickly and fatigues quickly. | Fast-twitch fibers. |
| Contracts more slowly and more resistant to fatigue. | Slow-twitch fibers. |
| Most stationary end of the muscle. | The origin. |
| End of muscle undergoing greatest movement. | Insertion. |
| Portion of muscle between origin and insertion. | Belly. |
| Some muscles have multiple of | Origins. |
| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements. | Synergists. |
| Muscles that work in opposition to one another. | Antagonists. |
| If one muscles plays major role in accomplishing desired movement. | Prime mover. |
| What muscles help produce. | Heat. |
| Muscle is composed of visible bundles called. | Fasciculi. |
| Cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with. | Myofibrils(2) |
| Sacromeres are formed by. | Actin and myosin myofilaments. |
| Sacromere extends to and from. | Z line to Z line. |
| Light area around Z line | I band. |
| I band consists of. | Actin. |
| Darker region in sacromere. | A band. |
| Light area in center of sacromere. | H zone. |
| H zone consists of. | Myosin. |
| Dark straining band in center of a sacromere. | M line. |
| M line is. | myosin myofilaments. |
| Charge of outside of most cell membranes. | Positive. |
| Charge of inside cell membrane. | Negative. |
| synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter called. | Acetylcholine. |
| Fixators. | Specialized synergists, holds a bone still or stabilize origin of a prime mover. |
| Tongue Muscles. | Intrensic, Extrensic. |
| 4 Muscle Functions | Produces Movement, Maintains posture, stabilizes joints, and generates heat. |
| Important Muscle Fiber organelle. | Sacroplasmic Reticulum. |
| What axons branch into. | Axon Terminal. |
| Fusiform. | A modification of the parallel arrangement. |
| Muscle that covers the frontal bone. | Frontalis. |
| Zygomaticus. | Smiling muscle. |
| Two-headed muscles. | Sternocleidomastoid. |
| Pectoralis Major. | Large fan-shaped muscle covering upper part of chest. |
| Upper limb muscle groups. | Arm, Forearm, Wrist. |
| Lower limb muscle groups. | Thigh, Leg, Ankle |
| 3 Trunk muscles. | Pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, external oblique. |
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