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Chapters 3 & 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| plasma membrane | separates the cell contents (cytoplasm) from its watery, surrounding environment |
| cell theory | (1) Building blocks of all plants & animals; (2) The smallest functioning units of life; (3) Produced through the division of preexisting cells; (4) Maintains homeostasis |
| cytology | the study of the structure and function of cells |
| General Functions of Plasma Membrane | (1) Physical isolation; (2) Regulation of exchange with the environment; (3) Sensitivity to the environment; (4) Structural support |
| hydrophilic | water loving (heads) |
| hydrophobic | insoluble in water (tails) |
| phospholipid bilayer | mixed in with the fatty acid tails are cholesterol molecules & small quantities of other lipids |
| permeability | the property that determines precisely which substances can enter or leave the cytoplasm |
| diffusion | the movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively low concentration (ex: slug & salt) |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| filtration | hydrostatic pressure forces water across a membrane |
| carrier-mediated transport | requires the presence of specialized membrane proteins |
| endocytosis | the packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle at the cell surface for import into the cell |
| exocytosis | a vesicle created inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and discharges its contents into the extracellular environment |
| cytosol | the intracellular fluid which contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins, and waste products |
| organelles | internal structures that perform specific functions essential to normal cell structure, maintenance, and metabolism |
| cytoskeleton | an internal protein framework of thread-like filaments and hollow tubules that gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility |
| microfilaments | thinnest strands of the cytoskeleton; usually composed of the protein actin |
| microtubules | hollow tubes built from the globular protein tubulin |
| microvilli | small, finger-shaped projections of the plasma membrane on the exposed surfaces of many cells |
| centrioles | a cylindrical structure composed of triplets of microtubules |
| cilia | relatively long, slender extensions of the plasma membrane |
| flagella | resemble cilia, but much longer; move a cell through the surrounding fluid, rather than moving the fluid past a stationary cell |
| ribosomes | organelles that manufacture proteins, using the information provided by the DNA of the nucleus |
| golgi apparatus | consists of a set of 5 or 6 flattened membranous discs called cisternae |
| lysosomes | vesicles filled with digestive enzymes; perform cleanup and recycling functions within the cell |
| mitochondria | small organelles that provide energy for the cell |
| interphase | the original stage |
| mitosis | a process that separates and encloses the duplicated chromosomes of the original cell into two identical nuclei |
| prophase | begins when the DNA is coiled |
| metaphase | begins as the chromosomes move to a narrow central zone |
| anaphase | begins when the centromere of each chromatid pair splits and the chromatids separate |
| telophase | the cell prepares to return to interphase |
| Functions of Skeletal System | (1) Support; (2) Storage; (3) Blood Cell Production; (4) Protection; (5) Movement |
| long bones | longer than they are wide (ex: femur/humerus) |
| short bones | roughly equal; bones of the wrist and ankle (ex: carpal bones) |
| flat bones | thin & relatively broad (ex: skull/scapula) |
| irregular bones | complex shapes that do not fit easily into any other category (ex: vertebra) |
| epiphyses | the expanded portions at each end of the bone |
| compact bone | relatively solid; very dense |
| cancellous bone | spongy bone |
| ossification | the process of replacing other tissues with bone |
| frontal bone | forms the forehead & the roof of the orbits (eye sockets) |
| parietal bone | both sides of the skull; forms the roof & the superior walls of the cranium |
| vomer | supports a prominent partition that forms part of the nasal septum |
| zygomatic | articulates with the frontal bone & the maxilla |
| primary curve | thoracic & sacral curves |
| secondary curve | cervical & lumbar curves |
| vertebral body | massive, weight-bearing portion of a vertebra |
| intervertebral disc | not found in the sacrum & coccyx |
| vertebral arch | forms the posterior margin of each vertebral foramen; hollow |
| thoracic cage | consists of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, & the sternum |
| true ribs | first 7 pairs of ribs; reach the anterior body wall & are connected to the sternum |
| false ribs | ribs 8-12; do not attach directly to the sternum |
| sternum | breastbone |
| manubrium | articulates with the clavicles of the appendicular skeleton & with the cartilages of the first pair of ribs |
| xiphoid process | usually the last of the sternal components to ossify and fuse |
| clavicle | relatively small and fragile (ex: collar bone) |
| scapula | the anterior surface of the body forms a broad triangle bounded by superior, medial, & lateral borders |
| trabeculae | boney; old bones |
| nasal complex (septum) | the bones that form the superior & lateral walls of the nasal cavities & the sinuses that drain into them |
| occipital bone | forms the posterior & inferior portions of the cranium |
| temporal bone | form part of both the sides of the cranium & the zygomatic arches |
| sphenoid bone | forms part of the floor of the cranium; braces the sides of the skull |
| ethmoid bone | consists of 2 honeycombed masses of bone; forms part of the cranial floor |
| maxillae (maxillary) | articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible |
| palantine bone | form the posterior surface of the bony palate or hard palate; "roof of the mouth" |
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