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Ch. 6 skin
Hole's Chapter 6--Integumentary sys
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The outer layer of skin is called the | epidermis |
| The epidermis is composed of | stratified squamous epithelium |
| The inner layer of skin is called | dermis |
| The dermis is made up of | connective tissues, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood |
| separates the two skin layers | basement membrane |
| The subcutaneous layer | is beneath the dermis |
| The subcutaneous layer is composed of | loose connective tissues and adipose |
| The epidermis lacks | blood vessels. |
| The deepest layer of the epidermis | stratum basale |
| The stratum basale is nourished by blood vessels in | the dermis. |
| Older skin cells are called | keratinocytes |
| keratinocytes and are held together with | desmosomes |
| The accumulation of keratin in epidermal cells which hardens the epidermis | Keratinization |
| The outermost layer of the epidermis | the stratum corneum |
| The epidermis is thickest | on palms of the hand and the soles of the feet |
| Most areas of epidermis have___layers | 4 layers |
| The four layers of epidermis starting with the deepest | stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum, and stratum corneum |
| An additional layer of epidermis in thickened skin | stratum lucidum |
| Melanocytes lie in the | stratum basale and in the underlying connective tissues of the dermis |
| melanocytes transfer melanin granules/ to epidermal cells by a process called | cytocrine secretion |
| the dermis has_________ between the ridges of the epidermis | papillae |
| Fingerprints form from | the undulations of the dermis and epidermis |
| binds the epidermis to the subcutaneous layer | The dermis |
| The dermis is largely composed of | \ irregular dense connective tissue that includes tough collagenous fibers and elastic fibers in a gel-like ground substance |
| The dermis also contains_______that can wrinkle the skin of the scrotum | smooth muscles |
| Some smooth muscle of the | is associated with hair follicles |
| In the face, skeletal muscles are anchored to | the dermis |
| scattered throughout the dermis | Nerve cell processes |
| . Pacinian corpuscles | stimulated by heavy pressure |
| Meissner’s corpuscles | stimulated by light touch. |
| The subcutaneous layer consists of | loose connective tissue and adipose tissue |
| fibers of the dermis are continuous with | the fibers of the subcutaneous layer |
| insulates the body | The adipose tissue of the subcutaneous layer |
| contains major blood vessels that supply the skin. | The subcutaneous layer |
| A hair follicle is a group of | epidermal cell at the base of a tubelike depression in the dermis of skin. |
| A follicle extends from | the surface of skin into the dermis |
| The hair root is the portion of hair | embedded in skin. |
| a projection of connective tissue at the end of the hair follicle. It contains blood vessels | The hair papilla |
| the portion of hair that extends from the surface of skin | The hair shaft |
| A hair is composed of | dead keratinocytes |
| Red hair contains an iron pigment called | trichosiderin |
| a band of smooth muscle and attaches to hair follicles | An arrector pili muscle |
| Goose bumps are produced when | arrector pili muscles contract |
| overlies a surface of skin called the nail bed | a nail plate |
| the whitish, thickened, half-moon shaped region at the base of a nail plate | lunula |
| glands associated with hair follicles | Sebaceous glands |
| Sebaceous glands are _________ glands | holocrine |
| Sebaceous glands produce | sebum |
| Sebum is a mixture of | fatty material and cellular debris |
| Sweat glands are also called | sudoriferous glands |
| Each sweat gland consists of | a tiny tube in the dermis or superficial subcutaneous layer |
| The most numerous sweat glands | eccrine |
| Eccrine glands respond to | heat |
| Eccrine glands are common on | the forehead, neck, and back. |
| the opening of a sweat gland duct. | A pore |
| Sweat contains | water, waste and salt |
| Apocrine glands become active | at puberty |
| appocrine glands react to | nervousness or stress |
| Apocrine glands are most numerous in | the axilla, groin, and around the nipples |
| Ceruminous glands of the external ear canal and secrete | cerumen |
| can disrupt the rates of metabolic reactions | shifts in body temp |
| norm body temp in C | 37oC |
| Heat is a product of | cellular metabolism |
| When body temperature rises above the set point | nerve impulses stimulate structures in the skin and other organs to release heat |
| During physical activity, active muscles | muscles release heat, which the blood carries away. |
| , muscles in the walls of dermal blood vessels relax. | When warmed blood reaches the hypothalamus |
| As dermal blood vessels dilate | heat escapes to the outside world |
| Skin reddens because | dermal blood vessels are dilated |
| The primary means of body heat loss is | radiation |
| the spread of heat from warm areas to cooler areas | radiation |
| the movement of heat into molecules of cooler objects | conduction |
| the continuous circulation of air over a warm surface. | convection |
| the change of a liquid to a gas | evaporation |
| When sweat evaporates | it carries heat away from the skin surface |
| When body temperature falls below the set point | muscles of dermal blood vessels constrict which decreases the flow of blood through the skin |
| When body temperature falls, sweat glands | become inactive. |
| When body temperature continues to fall | , small groups of muscles to contract slightly to produce shivering. |
| a rise in body temperature | hyperthermia |
| If air temperature is high, heat loss by radiation | is less effective |
| a low body temperature. | hypothermia |
| can result from prolonged exposure to cold or an illness. | Hypothermia |
| can lead to mental confusion, lethargy, and loss of consciousness. | Hypothermia |
| are at a higher risk for developing hypothermia. | Children and the elderly |
| Environmental factors such as_______ affect skin color | sunlight and X rays |
| malanocytes produce | melanin |
| When blood is well oxygenated | the blood pigment hemoglobin is bright red and the skin of light-complexioned people appears pink. |
| When blood oxygen concentration is low | hemoglobin is dark red and the skin appears bluish. |
| If dermal blood vessels are dilated | more blood enters skin and skin appears pinkish or reddish. |
| If dermal blood vessels are constricted | less blood enters skin and skin appears pale |
| During inflammation | blood vessels dilate and become more permeable. |
| The dilated blood vessels provide the tissues with | more nutrients, which aids healing |
| If a break in the skin is shallow | epithelial cells are stimulated to divide more rapidly than normal. |
| If a cut extends into the dermis or subcutaneous layer | , blood vessels break and the escaping blood forms a clot. |
| A clot consists mainly of | fibrin, plasma, blood cells, and platelets |
| A scab is | a blood clot and dried fluids |
| _____migrate into the injured area and begin forming new fibers that bind the edges of the wound together | fibroblasts |
| Connective tissue matrix secretes _______ that stimulate certain cells to divide and regenerate damaged tissues | growth factors |
| As healing continues, blood vessels | extend into the area beneath the scab |
| remove dead cells and other debris | Phagocytic cells |
| A granulation consists of | a branch of a blood vessel, and a cluster of collagen-secreting fibroblasts |
| A first degree burn is one that | only effects the epidermis |
| a second degree burn is one that | that affects a part of the dermis and epidermis. |
| The healing of second degree burns depends on | accessory organs of the skin that survive the burn. |
| A third degree burn is one that | affects the entire thickness of skin |
| In a third degree burn, the | skin becomes dry and leathery |
| a graft from the same person | autograft |
| a graft from a cadaver | homograft |
| Skin substitutes include | include amniotic membranes, membranes of silicon, polyurethane or nylon |
| The rule of 9s | divides the skin’s surface into 11 areas of 9% each |
| Aging skin affects | appearance, temperature regulation and vitamin D production. |
| patches of pigments | age or liver spots |
| The dermis becomes reduced as synthesis of | of the connective tissue proteins collagen and elastin slows. |
| Wrinkling and sagging skin result from | from the shrinking of the dermis and loss of fat from the subcutaneous layer |
| Skin becomes drier because | sebaceous glands produce less oil. |
| Slowed melanin production | causes gray or white hair. |
| Nail growth is impaired because | the blood supply to the nails is diminished. |
| Sensitivity to________diminishes with age | pain and pressure |
| An older person is less able to tolerate heat because | the sweat glands and hair follicle shrink, and the number of dermal blood vessels decrease |
| Vitamin D is necessary for | calcium absorption |
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