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week 1
Biomechanics & Joints
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomical Position | Head, Eyes, Toes directed forward -palms forward |
| Anatomical Planes | 1. median 2. Sagittal 3.Frontal 4.Horizontal |
| Median Plane | vertical plane passing through midline of body, separating into right and left halves |
| Sagittal | "midsagittal" vertical plane passing parallel to median plane |
| Frontal | "Coronal" vertical plane passing perpendicular to median plane, diving the body into front and back halves. |
| Horizontal | "transverse" plane passing at a right angle to the median, dividing body into the upper and lower halves |
| Superior | "cranial" towards head |
| Inferior | "caudal" lower part of the body |
| Anterior | "ventral" front |
| Posterior | "dorsal" back |
| Medial | closer to the medial plane |
| Lateral | further away from the median plane |
| Proximal | above/superior |
| Distal | below/inferior |
| Superficial | closer to the body's surface |
| Deep | deeper in the body |
| Dorsum | top of the foot |
| Palm | of hand |
| Sole | bottom of the foot |
| Flexion | decreases the angle between two parts i.e. bending elbow towards bicep |
| Extension | increasing the angle i.e. straightening the fingers |
| Hyperextension | extending the joint beyond its normal range of motion i.e. neck in car accident |
| Abduction | pull away from the midline of the body i.e. radial deviation |
| Adduction | pulls toward the body i.e.ulnar deviation |
| Elevation | movement in a superior direction i.e. elevation of the scapula (shoulder shrug) |
| Depression | movement in an inferior direction i.e. depression of the mandible (jaw dropping) |
| Pronation | turns the palm down |
| Supination | turns palm up |
| Dorsiflexion | flexion of the entire foot superiorly i.e. letting off the gas peddle |
| Plantar flexion | extension of the foot inferiorly i.e. pressing on the brake |
| Eversion | "turn out" movement of sole away from the median plane |
| Inversion | "turn in" movement of the sole towards the median plane |
| Protrusion | anterior movement of an object |
| Retrusion | posterior movement of an object |
| Protraction | anterior movement of the arms at the shoulders |
| Retraction | posterior movement of the arms at the shoulders |
| Rotation | when a part turns on its axis along the transverse plane, i.e. atlas on axis |
| Circumduction | combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction...circular movement i.e. shoulder and hip joint movement |
| Anterograde | motion in normal direction of flow i.e. digestion |
| Retrograde | motion in reversed flow i.e. gastric reflux |
| Opposition | -grasping the fingers with the thumb -happens only at the carpometacarpal joint |
| Reposition | to release and object by spreading the fingers and thumb i.e. returning to anatomical position |
| Joints serve for... | 1. Mobility (free range of motion) 2. Stability (keep skeleton together) |
| Joints can be classified... | 1.Structurally (make up the joint) i.e. fibrous, cartilaginous 2. Functionally (movement amount & stability) |
| Functional Joints | 1. Synarthrosis 2. Amphiarthrosis 3. Diarthrosis |
| Synarthrosis | joint that allow little or no movement |
| Amphiarthrosis | allows some movement |
| Diarthrosis | freely moveable joints -synovial joints |
| Fibrous Joints | bones joined by fibrous tissue |
| 3 types of Fibrous Joints | 1. Sutures 2. Gomphoses 3. Syndesmoses |
| Sutures | interdigitating bone connected together with connective tissue -synostoses i.e. skull |
| Gomphoses | "Dentaloalveolar joint" articulation between tooth and body socket |
| Syndesmoses | joints in which bones are connected by ligament or interosseous membrane |
| Cartilaginous Joints | 1. Synchondroses 2. Symphyses |
| Synchondroses | bar/plate of hyaline cartilage uniting two bones i.e. growth plate/epiphyseal plate |
| Symphyses | surfaces of bone are fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage i.e. intervertebral disc |
| Synovial Joint | articulating bones are separated by fluid containing joint cavity i.e. most joints of the limbs |
| Bursae | fluid-filled sacs lined with synovial membrane -allows muscles to glide past each other |
| Tendon Sheaths | allow tendons to glide past one another or other structures |
| Synovial Joint Types | 1. Plane Joints 2. Hinge Joints 3.Pivot Joints 4. Condyloid 5. Sellar 6. Sheroidal |
| Plane Joints | articular surface is flat i.e. carpals & vertebral articular processes |
| Uniaxial Joints | occur around one axis |
| Hinge Joints | uniaxial joint/ ginglymus -allows flexion and extension i.e. elbow |
| Pivot Joint | "trochoid" -movement is a uniaxial rotation of a bone around its long axis i.e. C1/C2 |
| Condyloid | "ellipsoid" -oval surface of one bone protrudes into corresponding depression of another bone, like egg and spoon i.e. metacarpolphalangeal joints (knuckles) & radiocarpal |
| Sellar | "saddle joints" -resembles condyloid but allows greater degree of movement i.e. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb |
| Sheroidal | ball and socket joints -multiaxial/polyaxial, freely movable i.e. shoulder and hip joint |
| Knee joint is made up of 3 joints: | Patellofemoral Medial Tibiofemoral Lateral Tibiofemoral |
| Tibiofemoral Joint | hinge joint permitting extension and flexion |
| Patellofemoral Joint | plane joint, with only a half capsule on the posterior aspect |
| Extracapsular Ligament | Fibular Collateral Tibia Collateral |
| Fibular Collateral | lateral collateral ligament -runs from lateral epicondyle of femur to fibular head |
| Tibial Collateral | medial collateral ligament -runs from medial epicondyle of femur to medial condyle of tibial shaft |
| Why can both the medial maniscus and medial collateral ligament both tear? | Because they both touch |
| Anterior Cruciate Ligament | attaches from posterior portion of the interchondylar notch to the anterior interchondylar area of the tibia |
| Posterior Cruciate Ligament | attaches to the anterior portion of the intercondylar notch to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia. |
| ACL prevents... | anterior displacement of the femur on tibia -full extension fall |
| PCL prevents... | prevents posterior displacement of femur on tibia -full flexion fall |
| Menisci | two small fatty pads that exist between the femur and tibia |
| 3 C's of knee injuries | 1. collateral ligaments 2. cruciate ligament 3. cartilages (menisci) |
| Terrible Triad of Donoghe | medial collateral ligament medial meniscus anterior cruciate ligament |
Created by:
swalters4
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