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CNS2
Cortex/Deep Nuclei/Diencephalon
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How does grey and white matter differ organizationally in the spinal cord vs the brain? | In the brain grey matter is outside and the white matter is inside. In the spinal cord the white matter is outside and the grey matter is inside. |
| Why is the organization of matter within the spinal cord reversed? | To allow the axon tracts carrying action potentials to go down to the spinal cord and for the spinal cord to send that info back up. |
| What is the groove that separates your left brain from your white brain? | Longitudinal Fissure |
| How is the left brain connected to the right brain? | Axon tracts |
| What does the left hemisphere represent? | Scientific/Logical Knowledge |
| What does the right hemisphere represent? | Artistic Knowledge |
| What are fissures? | Deep grooves |
| What are sulci? | Shallow grooves |
| What are gyri? | Hills between the sulci. |
| What are two important fissures of the brain? | Longitudinal and lateral (Sylvian) fissures |
| What suclus separates the primary motor cortex from the primary sensory cortex? | Central sulcus |
| What are two important gyri? | Pre-central and post-central gyri |
| What is the post-central gyrus? | Primary sensory cortex |
| What is the pre-central gyrus? | Primary motor cortex |
| What does grey matter consist of? | Neuronal cell bodies |
| What does white matter consist of? | Myelinated axon tracts |
| What are cortical columns? | The working units of the brain. |
| How big are cortical columns? | 1 mm across on the surface of the brain, 3 mm deep. |
| How do cortical columns work? | Axon tracts carry action potentials into the cortical columns where neurons compute the necessary info through graded potentials. Once a "decision" is made to produce an output the neurons generate an action potential. |
| What is found in each cortical column? | Millions of neurons. |
| Where do you find cortical columns? | Within the grey matter there are hundreds of thousands of cortical columns. |
| What is the benefit of cortical columns? | Neurons don't need to send messages very far because they are all close together. |
| What are the lobes of the brain? | Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insular |
| What is the function of the frontal lobe? | Logic, problem solving, intellect, personality, ethics, pre-motor cortex. |
| What is the function of the parietal lobe? | Somatosensory area, puts all sense together to create one perception of the environment (association) |
| What is the function of the occipital lobe? | Visual Cortex |
| What is the function of the temporal lobe? | Auditory Cortex |
| What are the two parts to speech? | Understanding the language and physically making speech. |
| What is Wernicke's area? | The area responsible for understanding the language, what the words are, and putting them together with correct syntax. |
| What is Broca's area? | The area responsible for making speech physically, it moves the mouth, tongue, and larynx. |
| Where is Wernicke's area found? | Temporal lobe. |
| Where is Broca's area found? | Primary motor cortex. |
| What would inability to make speech, or slurred speech be an indicator of? | There would be a problem with Broca's area. |
| What would an ability to make nonsensical sounds and sentences be an indicator of? | There would be a problem with Wernicke's area? |
| What is the frontal eye field? | Makes you look at the spot you want to see with both eyes. |
| Where is the insular cortex? | Under the lateral fissure. |
| What is the insular cortex? | Area responsible for taste, organizes muscles for balance. |
| What is a somatotopic map? | A depiction of the motor and sensory cortexes. |
| What can we learn from somatotopic maps? | Everything is not bundled together but rather there are localizations of body parts. |
| What is a homunculus? | A representation of the portion of the brain directly responsible for the movement and exchange of sensory and motor info throughout the body, resulting in a grotesquely disfigured human. |
| What does the homunculus look like? | Huge hands, lips, and face in comparison to the rest of its body. |
| What does the homunculus tell us? | There are more sensory and motor neurons dedicated to the hands and face then the trunk. |
| What are association fibres? | Axon tracts that connect the lobes within a hemishpere. |
| What are commissural fibres? | Axon tracts the connect the left hemisphere to the right hemisphere. |
| What is a major commissural fibre? | Corpus Callosum |
| Give an example of how association fibres work. | They connect the motor and sensory cortex's and allow us to move our fingers to pick up a piece of paper and feel when we have that paper in our finger. |
| What are projection fibres? | Axon tracts that connect different parts of the CNS. |
| Where are the deep nuclei located? | In amongst the white matter tracts, they form around the ventricles lateral to the diencephalon. |
| What are the two parts of deep nuclei? | Limbic system and basal nuclei. |
| Where do you find the limbic system? | Around the inside of the ventricles. |
| What are key components of the limbic system? | Amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, and mammilary bodies. |
| Where do you find the basal ganglia? | Around the outside of the ventricles. |
| What are key components of the basal ganglia? | Caudate, Lentiform nuclei, and the amygdala. |
| What is the limbic system responsible for? | Emotions and memory. |
| What is the function of the hippocampus? | Long term memory formation, kind of acts like a time stamp of who, what, where, when. |
| How does output get out of the hippocampus? | Via the Fornix |
| Where does output from the hippocampus go? | To the cortex |
| What are the functions of the amygdala? | Analyses anger and fear expressions, assesses danger and elicits a fear response |
| Where does output from the amygdala go? | To the hypothalamus of the diencephalon. |
| Why does the amygdala send output to the diencephalon? | To elicit a fight, flight, or fright response. |
| How does the amygdala recognize a response is needed? | Through memory! If you've had a bad experience with someone you probably don't want to hug them. |
| How does the amygdala work? | The amygdala is like a switch that turns the hypothalamus on or off depending on how it interprets the situation. |
| What is the connection between facial expressions and the amygdala? | The amygdala will recognize minute visual expression changes and analyze whether it is a pleasurable experience or a unpleasurable experience. |
| What substance can have a profound effect on the amygdala? | Organic solvents that have an effect on neurotransmission. |
| What inputs influence the amygdala's analysis? | Visual, somatosensory, and smell |
| How does booze effect the amygdala? | It impairs the amygdala and therefore you have a hard time distinguishing between being laughed at or with. |
| What are the three kinds of memory? | Episodic, Semantic, Procedural |
| Where are memories stored? | In the appropriate cortex, eg. a memory of what a furry cat feels like would be stored in the area associated with touch. |
| What is episodic memory? | Stores specific personal experiences. |
| What is semantic memory? | Stores factual information. |
| What is procedural memory? | Stores memories of how to carry out specific actions. |
| How does semantic memory work? | Information comes in and gets deposited in the temporal or parietal lobe. |
| What is an important concept for how episodic memory works? | The Loop of Papez |
| What is the purpose of the loop of Papez? | Allows you to reinforce memories by constantly putting them through the loop. |
| Where does the loop of Papez start? | You can start at any part of the loop. |
| What is the pathway of the loop of Papez? | Thalamus - Cingulate Cortex - Hippocampus - Fornix - Mammilary Bodies - Thalamus |
| Why is the cingulate cortex shaped like a loop? | It can access all the other areas of the cortex. |
| What's the general rule with memory? | The more you experience it the more likely you are to remember it. |
| What is the role of the Cingulate Cortex in the loop of Papez? | Allows the sensations to travel to the right spot. |
| What is the role of the hippocampus in the loop of Papez? | Stores and processes the who, what, when, and why of an experience. |
| What is the role of the fornix in the loop of Papez? | A pathway that allows the memory to travel from the hippocampus to the mammilary bodies. |
| What is the role of the mammilary bodies in the loop of Papez? | Add emotional components to the memory as well as smell. |
| How does the loop of Papez work? | When you see something new, like a new car, it will pull relevant memories to the forefront of the brain and edit them to match the current situation. |
| What is procedural memory driven by? Proof? | Vision, this is proved by the fact that when someone explains how to do something a person will easily get lost, you need to feel and see how to do something to learn it. |
| What are the two parts of the vision pathway? | Motion and recognition. |
| What is the procedural pathway? | Vision - Cerebellum - Basal Nuclei - Thalamus - Pre-Motor Cortex |
| What is the role of the basal nuclei in the procedural pathway? | The basal nuclei stores pre-set routines that you need in order to carry out stereotypical movements. It also sends the memorized movement to the pre-motor and motor cortex's in order to initiate the motor function. |
| What happens if the areas involved in memory are destroyed? | Amnesia |
| What are two types of amnesia? | Alzeheimer's Disease and Hippocampal Atrophy |
| What causes Alzheimer's Disease? | Atrophy of the cerebral cortex. |
| What is Alzheimer's Disease? | The inability to recall recent and past memories, lack of attention, disorientation, language problems, lack of problem solving. |
| What is hippocampal atrophy? | Inability to store new memories, inability to consolidate events, inability to recall past events. |
| What causes hippocampal atrophy? | Atrophy of the hippocampus. |
| What is another name for the basal ganglia? | Basal nuclei or Corpus Striatum |
| What is the role of the basal ganglia? | Responsible for initiating and coordinating movements, especially start/stop motor movements. |
| What is the benefit of this structure? | Eliminates unnecessary movements. |
| What are two diseases that effect the basal ganglia? | Parkinson's disease (a patient can't get themselves moving), and Huntington's Corea (Can't stop moving) |
| What is the pathway of things travelling through the basal ganglia? | Cortex - Caudate - Lenticular Nuclei - Thalamus - Cortex (FAST) |
| What is the function of the basal ganglia? | Tells the motor cortex how to carry out a movement. |
| Describe the pathway involved in motor planning in terms of drinking beer. | See beer - Thalamus - Visual Cortex(What is this thing?) - Parietal Cortex(Am I thirsty?) - Frontal Lobe(Let's drink that beer/should I?) - Primary Motor Cortex, Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia |
| How is the primary cortex involved in motor planning? | Signalled by the frontal lobe to initiate the required motor movement |
| How is the Cerebellum involved in motor planning? | Tells you where the beer is in space and allows for coordination of the motor movement. |
| How is the basal ganglia involved in motor planning? | Checks to see if you've done the movement before and allows for a quick action. |
| Where is the diencephalon? | Within the wall of the third ventricle and at the base of the brain. |
| What are the parts of the diencephalon? | Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal gland |
| What is the function of the thalamus? | Relay area for all sensations to the cerebral cortex. |
| What is the function of the pineal gland? | Generates circadian rhythms and releases melatonin. |
| What is selective attention? | Allows you to pinpoint what sensations are important and ignore the rest. |
| What are the super seven? | Responsible for 1) Control of ANS 2) Pleasure, Fear, Rage 3) Temperature Regulation 4) Appetite 5) Water Intake and Thirst 6) Sleep 7) Endocrine control |
| What is the hypothalamus? | A collection of nuclei. |
| What does the super seven refer to? | The functions of the hypothalamus |
| What is the connection between the two thalamus's called? | Massa Intermedia |
| What sensations go into the thalamus? | Vision, hearing, touch, pain, proprioception, pressure, and temperature. |
| How does selective attention work? | The frontal lobe sends input to the thalamus to release only relevant sensations for the situation to the cerebral cortex. |
| Why is the frontal lobe involved in selective attention? | The frontal is our personality and awareness of the world around us. |
| What kind of problems can you associate with a stroke occluding the thalamic arteries? | Loss of sensation on contralateral side of the body, contralateral paralysis, and burning pain. The thalamus no longer works and therefore selective attention does not work either. |
Created by:
clem773
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