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Cardiovascular
Advanced Patho EXAM 2
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What is hypertension? | elevation of blood pressure |
What BP readings determine HTN? | persistently above 140/90 |
List some risk factors of HTN. | age, race (african americans), obesity, nutrition and familial tendencies |
What is the most common cause of coronary artery disease (CAD)? | atherosclerosis |
What is CAD? | disorder of impaired coronary blood flow |
List some risk factors for CAD. | F >55yrs; M >45yrs Family HX HTN, smoking, obesity,inactivity, poor diet, DM Lipids – total cholesterol >200 LDL >130, Trig >150 HDL<40 |
What is angina? | chest pain assoc w/ intermittent myocardial ischemia in insufficient time to result in cell death |
In females, how can angina present? | as indigestion |
What are the 3 types of angina? | stable, prinzmetal, and unstable |
What is stable angina is relieved by? | rest and NTG (vasodilation and decreased workload) |
Is prinzmetal angina predictable or unpredictable and why? | unpredictable; may be due to spasms |
What is a myocardial infarction (MI)? | prolonged or total disruption of blood flow to myocardium causing irreversible cellular death |
What is a transmural infarct? | involves entire ventricular wall thickness, common & severe, nearly all are in L ventricular wall |
Describe subendocardial infarction. | less severe, most vulnerable to a reduction in blood flow, only portion of ventricular wall involved |
True or false, the septum separates the heart into right and left sides. | True |
List the 4 heart chambers. | Right atrium and ventricle; left atrium and ventricle |
List the 2 valves on the right side of the heart. | Pulmonary and tricuspid |
List the 2 valves on the left side of the heart. | Aortic and mitral (aka bicuspid) |
Describe the circulatory pathway (how blood returns/leaves the heart) | Systemic circulation, vena cava, R atrium, tricuspid valve, R ventricle, Pulmonic valve, Pulmonic trunk/Pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, L atrium, mitral valve, L ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, systemic circulation |
The right side of the heart returns blood to the lungs via __________? | the pulmonary artery |
The left side of the heart returns blood to the body via __________? | aorta |
Narrowing or stricture of a blood vessel is known as? | stenosis |
What is regurgitation? | blood flows backwards |
True or false, murmurs may be present in both stenosis or regurgitation? | true |
What is the most common septal defect? | Ventricular septal defect (VSD) |
What is VSD? | an acyanotic (congestive) defect, opening b/t ventricles, produces increased workload for R side of heart |
What kind of shunt/problems occur in VSD? | L-to-R shunt, w/ continued high pulm blood flow, pulm vascular obstructive disease develops; can eventually lead to shunt reversal and cyanotic sympotms |
What is transposition of great arteries? | Aorta comes from R ventricle and pulmonary artery from L ventricle; resulting in 2 separate, non-communicating circulations = |
What is the most common symptom in infant seen in transposition of great arteries? | cyanosis |
What is dilated cardiomyopathy and what is the treatment? | dilation of all 4 heart chambers; heart transplant |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may cause what? | small SV, sudden death, DOE, angina |
What may cause paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea? | restrictive cardiomyopathy |
What is RAA? | Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System |
What happens if the RAA system is activated? | If this system is activated, the following occurs: vasoconstriction increase BP hold on H2O & Na+ |
What are cardiac shunts? | they create an abnormal blood flow path |
What occurs with a right to left shunt? | unoxygenated blood from the right side of heart enters the left and systemic circulation child may have cyanosis |
What occurs with a left to right shunt? | oxygenated blood from left side of heart enters the right and is re-circulated through the lungs acyanotic defect right side has increased workload due to extra blood, over time right ventricular hypertrophy may occur |
Describe Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)? | foramen ovale fails to close after birth acyanotic |
If ASD is not correct, what may develop? | RVH |
What are the 2 acyanotic congenital heart defects? | ASD and PDA |
What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)? | suppose to close at birth; if it doesn't harsh murmur is present |
What is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect? | Tetralogy of fallot |
Cardiac muscle is called _________. | myocardium |
What does Tetralogy of fallot consist of? | 4 heart defects |
True or false, medications are used to treat Tetralogy of Fallot. | False, total correction surgically is required. |
What happens during the systole cardiac cycle? | ventricles are contracting |
When the ventricles are relaxed and filling, this is known as ____________? | diastole portion of the cardiac cycle |