Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bones/Skeletal Tiss.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cartilage is surrounded by: | periochondrium |
| What does cartilage consist primarily of? | Water |
| Type of tissue that springs back to its original shape | Resilient tissue (e.g. Cartilage) |
| 3 types of Cartilage | Hyaline cartilage (glassy) Most abundant Support through flexibility Elastic cartilage—many elastic fibers tolerates repeated bending Fibrocartilage—resists strong compression and strong tension intermediate between hyaline and elastic cartilage |
| 2 types of growth in Cartilage | Appositional growth Chondroblasts in surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage Interstitial growth Chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix (Cartilage stops growing when the skeleton stops growing) |
| Types of tissues contained in Bones | Dominated by bone CT Contain nervous tissue and blood CT Contain cartilage in articular cartilages Contain ET lining blood vessels |
| Functions of Bones | Support—provides hard framework Movement—skeletal muscles use bones as levers Protection of organs Mineral storage—reservoir for important minerals Blood-cell formation—contains red marrow Energy Metabolism—osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin |
| 2 components of Bone tissue | Organic components—cells, fibers, and ground substance Inorganic components—mineral salts that invade bony matrix |
| Composition of Extracellular Matrix that gives bones their exceptional properties: (percentage of organic components vs. percentage of inorganic components) | 35%—organic components Contributes to flexibility and tensile strength 65%—inorganic components Provide exceptional harness, resists compression |
| 3 types of cells in bones that produce/maintain bones | Osteogenic cells—stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts Osteoblasts—actively produce and secrete bone matrix Bone matrix is osteoid Osteocytes—keep bone matrix healthy |
| Responsible for resorption of bone Are derived from a line of white blood cells Secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes | Osteoclasts |
| Classifications of Bones | Long bones—longer than wide; a shaft plus ends Short bones—roughly cube-shaped Flat bones—thin and flattened, usually curved Irregular bones—various shapes, do not fit into other categories |
| Look at slide 15 in PP CHAP-6 to see what the Classification of Bones look like | Look at slide 15 in PP CHAP-6 to see what the Classification of Bones look like |
| 2 parts of the gross anatomy of Bones | Compact bone—dense outer layer of bone Spongy (cancellous) bone—internal network of bone |
| Diaphysis—“shaft” of a bone Epiphysis—ends of a bone Blood vessels—well vascularized Medullary cavity—hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow Membranes Periosteum, perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers), and endosteum | Structure of a Typical Long Bone |
| Look at slide 18 in PP CHAP-6 to see what the Structure of a Long Bone looks like | Look at slide 18 in PP CHAP-6 to see what the Structure of a Long Bone looks like |
| Where in a bone is the compression and tension greatest? | At the external surfaces |
| 3 broad categories of bone markings | Projections for muscle attachment Surfaces that form joints Depressions and openings |
| Look at slide 21 in PP CHAP-6 to see what the Bone Markings looks like | Look at slide 21 in PP CHAP-6 to see what the Bone Markings looks like |
| Contains passage ways for blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves | Compact Bones |
| long cylindrical structures Function in support Structurally—resembles rings of a tree in cross-section | Osteons |
| Contain: Lamellae Central canal Perforating canals Canaliculi | Osteons |
| Look at slide 25 in PP CHAP-6 to see what the Microscopic Structure of a Compact Bone looks like | Look at slide 25 in PP CHAP-6 to see what the Microscopic Structure of a Compact Bone looks like |
| Which type of bone is less complex? Spongy Bone or Compact Bone? | Spongy Bone (also called Cancellous Bone) (also called Trabeculae Bone) |
| Which type of bone is too small to contain osteons? Spongy Bone or Compact Bone? | Spongy Bone |
| Ossification | bone-tissue formation (osteogenesis) |
| Membrane bones are formed directly from: | Mesenchyme (Intramembranous ossification) |
| Bones other than membrane bones develop initially from: | Hyaline cartilage (Endochondral ossification) |
| Look at slide 29 in PP CHAP-6 to see what Intramembranous Ossification looks like | Look at slide 29 in PP CHAP-6 to see what Intramembranous Ossification looks like |
| Happens in all bones except some bones of the skull and clavicles Bones are modeled in hyaline cartilage Begins forming late in the second month of embryonic development Continues forming until early adulthood | Endochondral Ossification |
| Look at slide 29 in PP CHAP-6 to see what Endochondral Ossification looks like | Look at slide 29 in PP CHAP-6 to see what Endochondral Ossification looks like |
| Cartilage is organized for quick, efficient growth Cartilage cells form tall stacks Chondroblasts divide quickly Pushes epiphysis away from diaphysis Lengthens long bone Older chondrocytes signal surrounding matrix to calcify | Epiphyseal Growth in Epiphyseal Plates |
| Leaves long trabeculae (spicules) of calcified cartilage on diaphysis side Trabeculae are partly eroded by osteoclasts Osteoblasts then cover trabeculae with bone tissue Trabeculae finally eaten away from their tips by osteoclasts | death and disintegration of older Chondrocytes |
| Look at slide 35 in PP CHAP-6 to see what the organization of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate looks like | Look at slide 35 in PP CHAP-6 to see what the organization of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate looks like |
| During childhood and adolescence: Bones lengthen entirely by growth of the epiphyseal plates Cartilage is replaced with bone CT as quickly as it grows Epiphyseal plate maintains constant thickness Whole bone lengthens | Postnatal Growth of Endochondral Bones |
| Hormone produced by the pituitary gland Stimulates epiphyseal plates | Growth Hormone |
| Hormone that ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportions | Thyroid Hormone |
| Hormone that promotes bone growth Later induces closure of epiphyseal plates | Sex Hormones (estrogen & testosterone) |
| When does the following occure? Chondroblasts divide less often Epiphyseal plates become thinner Cartilage stops growing Replaced by bone tissue Long bones stop lengthening when diaphysis and epiphysis fuse | As adolescence draws to an end |
| How much calcium may enter or leave the adult skeleton each day? | ~500mg |
| How often is cancellous bone replaced? | ~3-4years |
| How often is compact bone replaced? | ~10years |
| add bone tissue to the external surface of the diaphysis | Osteoblasts |
| remove bone from the internal surface of the diaphysis | Osteoclasts |
| growth of a bone by addition of bone tissue to its surface | Appositional growth |
| Where does bone deposit and removal occur? | at periosteal and endosteal surfaces |
| Bone remodeling accomplished by osteoblasts | Bone deposition |
| Bone remodeling accomplished by osteoclasts | Bone reabsorption |
| A giant cell with many nuclei Crawls along bone surfaces Breaks down bone tissue Secretes concentrated HCl Lysosomal enzymes are released Derived from hematopoietic stem cells | Osteoclast |
| 2 types of reduction treatment to repair bone fractures | Open reduction Closed reduction |
| Look at slide 45 in PP CHAP-6 to see the stages of a healing fracture | Look at slide 45 in PP CHAP-6 to see the stages of a healing fracture |
| Look at slide 46-48 in PP CHAP-6 to see the common types of fractures | Look at slide 46-48 in PP CHAP-6 to see the common types of fractures |
| Characterized by low bone mass Bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition Occurs most often in women after menopause | Osteoporosis |
| Look at slide 50 in PP CHAP-6 to see what an osteoporotic bone looks like compared to a normal bone | Look at slide 50 in PP CHAP-6 to see what an osteoporotic bone looks like compared to a normal bone |
| Occurs in adults—bones are inadequately mineralized | Osteomalacia |
| Occurs in children—analogous to osteomalacia | Rickets |
| Characterized by excessive rate of bone deposition | Paget’s disease |
| A form of bone cancer | Osteosarcoma |
| Mesoderm Gives rise to embryonic mesenchyme cells Mesenchyme Produces membranes and cartilage Membranes and cartilage ossify | Overview of the timetable of Bones |
| Bone formation exceeds the rate of bone reabsorption in: | children and adolescents |
| Bone formation and bone reabsorption are in balance in: | young adults |
| reabsorption predominates in: | old age |
Created by:
sl1512
Popular Anatomy sets