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Tissues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Provides: Covering Protection Diffusion Absorption, secretion, and ion transport Filtration Forms slippery surfaces Forms parts of most glands | Epithelial tissue |
| Provide support | Connective tissue |
| Provide movement | Muscle tissue |
| Provide control | Nervous tissue |
| Epithelia cell regions of the apical surface differ from the basal surface | Polarity |
| Cells joined by special junctions | Specialized contacts |
| Cells separated by minimal extracellular material | Cellularity |
| Epithelia layer is avascular but innervated and receives nutrients from underlying connective tissue | Epithelia layer is avascular but innervated and receives nutrients from underlying connective tissue |
| Regeneration | Lost cells are quickly replaced by cell division |
| one layer of cells | Simple (note:First name of tissue indicates number of cell layers and Last name of tissue describes shape of cells) |
| more than one layer of cells | Stratified (note:First name of tissue indicates number of cell layers and Last name of tissue describes shape of cells) |
| cells are wider than tall (plate-like) | Squamous |
| cells are as wide as tall, like cubes | Cuboidal |
| cells are taller than they are wide, like columns | Columnar |
| single layer; flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei | Simple Squamous Epithelium |
| Look at slide 10 in PP CHAP-4 to see Classifications of Epithelia (e.g. Simple, Stratified, Squamous etc.) | Look at slide 10 in PP CHAP-4 to see Classifications of Epithelia (e.g. Simple, Stratified, Squamous etc.) |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium Functions | Passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration Secretes lubricating substances in serosae |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium Locations | Renal corpuscles Alveoli of lungs Lining of heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels Lining of ventral body cavity (serosae) |
| Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei | Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Functions | Secretion and absorption |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Locations | Kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface |
| single layer of column-shaped (rectangular) cells with oval nuclei Some bear cilia at their apical surface May contain goblet cells | Simple Columnar Epithelium |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium Functions | Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances Ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium Locations | Nonciliated form Lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands Ciliated form Lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus |
| All cells originate at basement membrane Only tall cells reach the apical surface May contain goblet cells and bear cilia Nuclei lie at varying heights within cells Gives false impression of stratification | Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium |
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Functions | secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia |
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Locations | Nonciliated type Ducts of male reproductive tubes Ducts of large glands Ciliated variety Lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract |
| Many layers of cells are squamous in shape Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar Thickest epithelial tissue Adapted for protection from abrasion | Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
| Two Types of Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Keratinized Location—epidermis Contains the protective protein keratin Waterproof Surface cells are dead and full of keratin Non-keratinized Forms moist lining of body openings |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium Functions | Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium Locations | Keratinized—forms epidermis Nonkeratinized—forms lining of mucous membranes Esophagus Mouth Anus Vagina Urethra |
| generally two layers of cube-shaped cells | Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium |
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Functions | protection |
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Locations | Forms ducts of Mammary glands Salivary glands Largest sweat glands |
| several layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated | Stratified Columnar Epithelium |
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium Functions | protection and secretion |
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium Locations | Rare tissue type Found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands |
| Has characteristics of stratified cuboidal and stratified squamous Superficial cells dome-shaped when bladder is relaxed, squamous when full | Transitional Epithelium |
| Transitional Epithelium Functions | permits distension of urinary organs by contained urine |
| Transitional Epithelium Locations | epithelium of urinary bladder, ureters, proximal urethra |
| Ductless glands that secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid Produce messenger molecules called hormones | Endocrine glands |
| carry products of exocrine glands to epithelial surface including the following diverse glands Mucus-secreting glands Sweat and oil glands Salivary glands Liver and pancreas | Ducts |
| unicellular exocrine glands that produces mucin | Goblet Cells |
| Mucin + water = | mucus |
| Protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces Also play as buffering system | Goblet Cells |
| Have two basic parts Epithelium-walled duct Secretory unit | Multicellular Exocrine Glands |
| Two classifications of multicellular exocrine glands by their type of duct | Simple Compound |
| Three categories of multicellular exocrine glands by their type of secretory unit | Tubular Alveolar Tubulo-alveolar |
| Look at slide 42 in PP CHAP-4 to see Types of Multicellular Exocrine Glands | Look at slide 42 in PP CHAP-4 to see Types of Multicellular Exocrine Glands |
| Three factors binding epithelial cells together | Adhesion proteins link plasma membranes of adjacent cells Contours of adjacent cell membranes Special cell junctions |
| close off intercellular space | Tight junctions (zona occludens) |
| Where are tight junctions found? | apical region of most epithelial tissues types |
| What do tight junctions do? | Prevent certain molecules from passing between cells of epithelial tissue (intercellular space) |
| Look at slide 45 in PP CHAP-4 to see what Tight Junctions look like | Look at slide 45 in PP CHAP-4 to see what Tight Junctions look like |
| anchoring junction | Adhesive belt junctions (zonula adherens) |
| attach to actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton and bind adjacent cells | Transmembrane linker proteins |
| Along with tight junctions, these linker proteins form the tight junctional complex around apical lateral borders of epithelial tissues | Transmembrane linker proteins |
| main junctions for binding cells together Scattered along abutting sides of adjacent cells Cytoplasmic side of each plasma membrane has a plaque | Desmosomes |
| What are plaques joined by? | Linker Proteins |
| Intermediate filaments extend across the cytoplasm and anchor at desmosomes on opposite side of the cell and are common in cardiac muscles and epithelial tissue | Intermediate filaments extend across the cytoplasm and anchor at desmosomes on opposite side of the cell and are common in cardiac muscles and epithelial tissue |
| Look at slide 49 in PP CHAP-4 to see what a Desmosome looks like | Look at slide 49 in PP CHAP-4 to see what a Desmosome looks like |
| passageway between two adjacent cells to allow ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to the next for intercellular communication. | Gap junctions |
| What do Gap junctions do? | let small molecules move directly between neighboring cells |
| What are cells connected by along gap junctions? | hollow cylinders of protein |
| What is the function of gap junctions? | intercellular communication |
| Look at slide 51 in PP CHAP-4 to see what a Gap Junction looks like | Look at slide 51 in PP CHAP-4 to see what a Gap Junction looks like |
| Noncellular supporting sheet between the ET and the CT deep to it Consists of proteins secreted by ET cells | The Basal Lamina |
| What is the function of the basal lamina? | Acts as a selective filter, determining which molecules from capillaries enter the epithelium Acts as scaffolding along which regenerating ET cells can migrate |
| What do the basal lamina and reticular layers of the underlying CT deep to it form? | the basement membrane |
| fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane | Microvilli (Abundant in ET of small intestine and kidney Maximize surface area across which small molecules enter or leave Act as stiff knobs that resist abrasion) |
| whiplike, highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes | Cilia |
| contains a core of nine pairs of microtubules encircling one middle pair | The apical surface |
| a set of microtubules | Axoneme |
| Movement of cilia can be described as: | coordinated waves |
| Look at slide 56 in PP CHAP-4 to see what a cilium looks like | Look at slide 56 in PP CHAP-4 to see what a cilium looks like |
| Main Classes of Connective Tissue (Most diverse and abundant tissue) | Connective tissue proper Cartilage Bone tissue Blood |
| Cells in connective tissue are seperated by: | a large amount of extracellular matrix |
| What is the common embryonic origin of connective tissues? | mesenchyme |
| Make protein subunits Secrete molecules that form the ground substance | Fibroblasts |
| secrete matrix in cartilage | Chondroblasts |
| secrete matrix in bone | Osteoblasts |
| Blood is an exception when it comes to connective tissue in that it does not: | produce matrix |
| Areolar connective tissue contain | Fat cells White blood cells Mast cells |
| 3 types of fibers in extracellular matrix | Collagen fibers—strongest; resist tension Reticular fibers—bundles of special type of collagen Cover and support structures Elastic fibers—contain elastin Recoil after stretching |
| Is produced by primary cell type of the tissue Is usually gel-like Cushions and protects body structures Holds tissue fluid Blood is an exception Plasma is not produced by blood cells | Ground Substance |
| Two subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper | Loose connective tissue Areolar, adipose, and reticular Dense connective tissue Dense irregular, dense regular, and elastic |
| Look at slide 67 in PP CHAP-4 to see a chart of the classes of connective tissue | Look at slide 67 in PP CHAP-4 to see a chart of the classes of connective tissue |
| Underlies epithelial tissue Surrounds small nerves and blood vessels Has structures and functions shared by other CT Borders all other tissues in the body | Areolar connective tissue |
| Support and binding of other tissues Holding body fluids (interstitial fluid lymph) Defending body against infection Storing nutrients as fat | Areolar connective tissue |
| Fibers are produced by: | Fibroblasts |
| Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types and other connective tissue (contains Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells) | Areolar Connective Tissue |
| What is the function of Areolar Connective Tissue? | Wraps and cushions organs Holds and conveys tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) Important role in inflammation |
| Where is Areolar Connective Tissue located? | Widely distributed under epithelia Packages organs Surrounds capillaries |
| Watery fluid occupying extracellular matrix Derived from blood | Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) |
| Viscous, spongy part of extracellular matrix Consists of sugar and protein molecules Made and secreted by fibroblasts | Ground substance |
| Main battlefield in fight against infection Defenders gather at infection sites Macrophages Plasma cells Mast cells White blood cells Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils | Areolar Connective Tissue |
| Covering and Lining Membranes combine: | epithelial tissues and connective tissues (Cover broad areas within body Consist of epithelial sheet plus underlying connective tissue) |
| 3 types of membranes | Cutaneous membrane Mucous membrane Serous membrane |
| skin membrane | Cutaneous membrane |
| Lines hollow organs that open to surface of body An epithelial sheet underlain with layer of lamina propria | Mucous membrane |
| Simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissue Lines closed cavities Pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities | Serous membrane |
| 3 types of muscle tissue | Skeletal muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue |
| Long, cylindrical cells Multinucleate Obvious striations | Skeletal Muscle Tissue |
| What are the functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue? | Voluntary movement Manipulation of environment Facial expression |
| Skeletal Muscle Locations | Skeletal muscles attached to bones (occasionally to skin) |
| Branching cells, striated Generally uninucleate Cells interdigitate at intercalated discs | Cardiac Muscle Tissue |
| Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei Arranged closely to form sheets No striations | Smooth Muscle Tissue |
| What is the function of Smooth Muscle Tissue? | Propels substances along internal passageways Involuntary control |
| Where is Smooth Muscle Tissue located? | Mostly walls of hollow organs |
| Main components are brain, spinal cord, and nerves | Nervous Tissue |
| 2 types of cells in nervous tissue | Neurons—excitatory cells Supporting cells-(neuroglial cells) |
| What is the function of Nervous Tissue? | Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors |
| Where is Nervous Tissue located? | Brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| Nonspecific, local response Limits damage to injury site | Inflammatory response |
| Response that takes longer to develop and very specific Destroys particular microorganisms at site of infection | Immune response |
| Heat Redness Swelling Pain Chemicals signal nearby blood vessels to dilate | Acute inflammation |
| increases permeability of capillaries | Histamine |
| accumulation of fluid | Edema (Helps dilute toxins secreted by bacteria Brings oxygen and nutrients from blood Brings antibodies from blood to fight infection) |
| Replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tissue | Regeneration |
| Proliferation of scar tissue | Fibrosis |
| Clot is replaced by granulation tissue | Organization |
| Look at slide 99-101 in PP CHAP-4 to see illustrations of repair | Look at slide 99-101 in PP CHAP-4 to see illustrations of repair |
| Primary tissue types appear and major organs are in place by the: | end of second month of development |
| Only a few tissues regenerate Many tissues still retain populations of stem cells | In Adulthood |
| Which cells have a good to excellent capacity for regeneration? | ET, bone CT, areolar CT, dense irregular CT, and blood forming CT |
| Which cells have a moderate capacity for regeneration? | Smooth muscle, dense regular CT |
| Which cells have a weak capacity for regeneration? | Skeletal MT, cartilage |
| Which cells have almost no capacity for regeneration? | Cardiac MT, Nervous Tissue |
| When do the following things happen: Epithelia thin Collagen decreases Bones, muscles, and nervous tissue begin to atrophy Poor nutrition and poor circulation lead to poor health of tissues | They happen with increasing age |
| Closely packed adipocytes Have nucleus pushed to one side by fat droplet Richly vascularized | Adipose tissue |
| What is the function of adipose tissue? | Provides reserve food fuel Insulates against heat loss Supports and protects organs |
| Where are adipose tissue located? | Under skin Around kidneys Behind eyeballs, within abdomen, and in breasts Hypodermis |
| network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance | Reticular Connective Tissue |
| What is the function of Reticular Connective Tissue? | forms a soft, internal skeleton (stroma); supports other cell types |
| Where are Reticular Connective Tissue located? | lymphoid organs Lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen |
| 3 types of Dense Connective Tissue | Dense irregular connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue Elastic connective tissue |
| Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers Some elastic fibers and fibroblasts | Dense Irregular Connective Tissue |
| What is the function of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue? | Withstands tension Provides structural strength |
| Where are Dense Irregular Connective Tissue located? | Dermis of skin Submucosa of digestive tract Fibrous capsules of joints and organs |
| Primarily parallel collagen fibers Fibroblasts and some elastic fibers Poorly vascularized Forms fascia | Dense Regular Connective Tissue |
| What is the function of Dense Regular Connective Tissue ? | Attaches muscle to bone Attaches bone to bone Withstands great stress in one direction |
| Where are Dense Regular Connective Tissue located? | Tendons and ligaments Aponeuroses Fascia around muscles |
| Consists of Elastic fibers | Elastic Connective Tissue |
| What is the function of Elastic Connective Tissue? | allows recoil after stretching |
| Where are Elastic Connective Tissue located? | Within walls of arteries, in certain ligaments, and surrounding bronchial tubes |
| Firm, flexible tissue Contains no blood vessels or nerves Matrix contains up to 80% water Cell type—chondrocyte | Cartilage |
| 3 types of Cartilage | Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage |
| Imperceptible collagen fibers Chodroblasts produce matrix Chondrocytes lie in lacunae | Hyaline Cartilage (note: Hyaline means "resembling glass") |
| What is the function of Hyaline Cartilage? | Supports and reinforces Resilient cushion Resists repetitive stress |
| Where is Hyaline Cartilage located? | Fetal skeleton Ends of long bones Costal cartilage of ribs Cartilages of nose, trachea, and larynx |
| Similar to hyaline cartilage More elastic fibers in matrix | Elastic Cartilage |
| Matrix similar but less firm than hyaline cartilage Thick collagen fibers predominate | Fibrocartilage |
| What is the function of Fibrocartilage? | Tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock |
| Where is Fibrocartilage located? | Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis Discs of knee joint |
| Calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers Osteoblasts—secrete collagen fibers and matrix Osteocytes—mature bone cells in lacunae Well vascularized | Bone Tissue |
| What is the function of Bone Tissue? | Supports and protects organs Provides levers and attachment site for muscles Stores calcium and other minerals Stores fat Marrow is site for blood cell formation |
| Where is Bone Tissue located? | In Bones |
| An atypical connective tissue Develops from mesenchyme Consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix | Blood Tissue |
| What is the function of Blood Tissue? | Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes |
| Where is Blood Tissue located? | Within blood vessels |
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