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Skeleton System: P
Anatomy & Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| major function of the skeletal system | provide supportive framework and support |
| major organ of the skeletal system | bones |
| ligaments | connect bone to bone |
| skeletal system includes | cartilage, bones, joints, and ligaments |
| smooth cartilage at the ends of bone allows... | people to move without pain |
| functions of the skeletal system | support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation |
| two important organs the skeletal system protects | brain and spinal cord (alligator and jaguar) |
| how the skeletal system is important for movement | muscle attaches to bone (pulling on the muscle, pulls on the bone with creates movement) |
| blood cell formation occurs within... | bone marrow |
| number of bones in the human body | 206 |
| number of bones that are not fused in the human body and can engage in voluntary movement | 177 |
| 2 major sections of the skeletal system | axial and appendicular |
| axial section includes... | skull, spine, sternum, ribs |
| appendicular section includes... | upper and lower extremities |
| five types of bones (describe appearance) | long, short, sesamoid, flat, and irregular |
| description of long bones | longer than they are wide |
| description of short bones | equal in length and width |
| description of sesamoid bone | floating, not directly attached to another bone |
| description of flat bones | thinner than they are wide |
| description of irregular bones | oddly shaped (irregularly shaped) |
| examples of long bones | bones in the appendicular regions (femur) |
| examples of short bones | bones in the wrist and ankle |
| example of a sesamoid bone | knee |
| flat bones | sternum, ribs, scapula, and skull |
| example of irregular bones | vertebrae, hip, and skull |
| two types of bone (describe composition) | compact bone and spongy bone |
| description of compact bone | (aka dense or cortical bone), relatively dense connective bone tissue that appears white, smooth, and solid and makes up 80% of bone mass |
| description of spongy bone | (aka cancellous or trabecular bone), located internal to compact bone and appears porous; makes up 20% of bone mass |
| where is spongy bone found? | in the knobs of the bones (the ends) |
| purpose of spongy bone | absorb some of the shock of the body (jarring motion that causes pain when you jump off a swing) |
| where is compact bone found? | the shaft of the bone |
| two regions of a long bone | diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis (includes epiphyseal plate) |
| diaphysis | the shaft of the bone; provides leverage and major weight support; contains medullary cavity through the middle of the bone |
| epiphysis | knobby region at the ends of long bone (two types) |
| two types of epiphysis | proximal epiphysis and distal epiphysis |
| proximal epiphysis | end of the bone closest to the trunk |
| distal epiphysis | end of the bone furthest from the trunk |
| composition of the epiphysis | outer thin layer of compact bone and inner region of spongy bone |
| what is the join surface of the epiphysis covered with | a thin layer of hyaline cartilage (aka articular cartilage) |
| purpose of hyaline cartilage at the end of the epiphysis | reduce friction and absorb shock in moveable joints |
| metaphysis | region of mature bone between diaphysis and epiphysis (contains epiphyseal plate) |
| epiphyseal plate | located in the metaphysis; it is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that provides for continued lengthwise bone growth (growth plate) |
| periosteum | tough sheath covering the outer surface of the bone that is composed of two layers, and attaches to the bone by numerous collagen fibers (aka perforating fibers) |
| two types of layers in the periosteum | outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner cellular layer |
| function of the outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue in the periosteum | protects the bone from surrounding structures, anchors blood vessels and nerves to the bone surface, and acts as an attachment site for ligaments and tendons |
| what is included in the inner cellular membrane of the periosteum? | osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts |
| three types of cartilage | hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage |
| function of the hyaline cartilage | support and reinforce structure by resisting compressive forces, reducing friction, and functions in growth (basic type of cartilage) |
| functions of fibrocartilage | absorb shock by resisting compressive and tensile forces (more fibrous) |
| tensile forces | involve stretching out |
| functions of elastic cartilage | maintain shape by allowing for stretch-ability and recoil and provides support (more elastin - can stretch and regain shape!) |
| Where is hyaline cartilage? | At the ends of growth plates, the tip of your nose, the soft spot on a babies head, and between the ribs |
| Where is fibrocartilage? | intervertebral discs, meniscus, and pubic symphysis |
| Where is elastic cartilage? | ear canal, ear, and epiglottis |
| tendons | anchor muscle to bone |
| four types of cells found in bone connective tissue | osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts |
| osteoprogenitor cells | stem cells - they produce cells that mature and become osteoblasts (pre-babies of bone cells) |
| osteoblasts | synthesize and secrete osteoid |
| osteoid | initial semisolid form of bone matrix that later calcifies |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on bone |
| osteoclasts | large phagocytic cells that are involved in breaking down bone and may trigger deposition of new bone matrix |
| bone growth and remodeling | occurs in a cyclic pattern (osteoprogenitor cells --> osteoblasts --> osteocytes --> osteoclasts --> again) and begins during emryologic development |
| bone growth in length | aka interstitial growth |
| bone growth in diameter | aka appositional growth |
| bone growth in length occurs because... | flexible hyaline cartilage permits growth and is replace by bone |
| the epiphyseal plate (with interstitial growth) | interstital growth occurs there if there is hyaline cartilage (during childhood, it maintains thickness; slows rate of cartilage production at maturity; narrows until it disappears (interstitial growth stops) |
| remnant from the epiphyseal plate | remnant - internal thin line of compact bone (epiphyseal line) |
| bone growth in diameter occurs... | within the periosteum (bone matrix is deposited within layers parallel to surface (circumferential lamellae); as the layers increase in number, structure incresaes in diameter (transforms infant bone into a large adult version) |
| layers parallel to bone surface in the bone matrix | circumferential lamellae |
| as bone grows in diameter, | the bone is strengthened |
| as bone grows in length, | you get taller |
| the continual process of bone deposition and resorption is known as | bone remodeling |
| bone remodeling | continues throughout adulthood, occurs at periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone at different rates depending on stress, and is dependent on the coordinate activities of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts |
| mechanical stress | occurs in weight-bearing movement and exercise, and is required for normal bone remodeling; results from skeletal contraction and gravitation forces |
| how mechanical stress is detected | it is detected by osteocytes and communicated to osteoblasts (increase synthesis of osteoid), and causes an increase in bone strength |
| increased bone mass | results from weight-bearing activities (i.e. weight lifting, walking, or running (can increase total bone mass throughout lifetime) |
| decreased bone mass | from removal of mechanical stress, reduced collagen formation, and demineralization (results in decreased strength of unstressed bone in immobilized fracture) |
| breaks in bones are termed | fractures |
| fractures occur as a result of... | unusual stress or impact, increased age (due to normal thinning and weakening of bone) |
| four types of fractures | stress fracture, pathologic fracture, simple fracture, and compound fracture |
| stress fracture | thin break caused by increased physical activity such as when bone experiences repetitive load in running |
| pathologic fracture | occurs in bone weakened by disease (i.e. osteoporosis, brittle bone disease) |
| simple fracture | broken bone not penetrating the skin |
| compound fracture | one or both ends of the bone piercing overlying skin |
| fracture healing | varies in length depending on the type (i.e. simple fracture - 2 to 3 months; compound fracture - longer) and generally becomes slower with age, and some require surgical intervention to heal correctly |
| first step of bone fracture repair (fracture hematoma forms) | a blood clot forms (blood vessels torn within periosteum) |
| second step of bone fracture repair (fibrocartilaginous callus forms) | the fracture hematoma is reorganized into a connective tissue procallus that becomes the fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus |
| third step of bone fracture repair (hard (bony) callus forms) | forms a hard bony callus that continues to grow and thicken |
| fourth step of bone fracture repair (the bone is remodeled) | osteoblasts remove excess bony material, compact bone replaces primary bone, and usually leaves a slight thickening of the bone |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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