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Political Science110
Survey of American Government
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Autocracy | Individual Rule |
| Monarchy | Rule by Inheritance. Either by -Divine Right- which is ordained by a god. -Constitutional- which is Ceremonial |
| Dictatorships | Unaccountable/ outside of traditions |
| Democracy | Supreme political power rests with the people |
| Direct form of Democracy | The people participate directly in decision making. |
| Representative form of Democracy | Has law making and law enforcing branches. Which are separate but equal |
| Aristocracy | old/noble families dominate |
| Plutocracy | governed by the wealthy, for the wealthy. |
| Virginia Plan | Entirely new constitution & Gov. -Bicameral Legislature -National Executive Branch -National Court System |
| New Jersey Plan | Reflected fear of smaller states. -Congress acts to be supreme law of land -1 Vote per state -Executive elected by Congress -Executive would appoint national supreme court. |
| Federalism | Powers of both state and National units must be specified and limited. |
| Unitary | All powers granted to central Government |
| Confederal | National Government operates only at direction of sub national governments. ( Articles of Confederation) |
| What are the advantages of Federalism? | 1. Size-Keep the Government closer to the people 2.Experimentation-States are "Labs" 3.Subcultures-Addresses regional differences |
| What are the drawbacks of Federalism? | 1.Localism-Can mean hostile environment for minorities. 2.Conflict- State interests can diverge from federal policies |
| Symbolic Speech | Expression of beliefs, opinions, or ideas through forms other than speech or print; Includes non-verbal actions |
| What are the 3 restrictions to free speech? | 1. Security against harm to one's person or reputation 2.Need for public order 3.Need to preserve the government |
| Seditious Speech | urges resistance to authority/ overthrow of the government |
| What are the restrictions on the Freedom of the Press? | 1.Clear & Present Danger- publication poses immediate threat to public order 2. Prior Restraint- Ex-Informing troop locations. |
| Libel | Published report of a falsehood that tends to injure a person's reputation & character. |
| Slander | public utterance (speaking) that holds a person up for contempt, ridicule, or hatred |
| Obscenity | indecency/offensiveness in speech, expressions, behavior or appearance- Determined by the Community |
| 4th Amendment | Protection from unreasonable searches & seizures. Unless there is probable cause. |
| 5th Amendment | Speedy trial by jury, in public, & right to confront witnesses. Right to Counseling |
| 8th Amendment | Prohibits excessive bail/fines, cruel &unusual punishment |
| Exclusionary Rule | no use of illegally-obtained evidence |
| Miranda Warning | Right to remain silent/to counsel |
| Violations of Civil Rights (Strict Scrutiny) | If a law prevents a group from exercising a fundamental right, it must be nevessary to promote a compelling state interest & must be narrowly tailored to meet that interest |
| Suspect Discrimination (Racially based) (Intermediate Scrutiny) | Laws based on gender discrimination okay if they're "substantially related to achievement of an important government objective." |
| Rational Basis/ Ordinary Scrutiny | test used only when there's no classification ( such as race or gender) that requires a higher level of scrutiny; few laws reviewed under this test are invalidated |
| Plessy VS. Ferguson | origin of "separate but equal" doctrine, Supreme Court held that equal protection clause didn't prohibit segregation as long as facilities were "equal" |
| Brown VS. Board of Education | Reversed Plessy: separate schools found to be inherently unequal; denied de jure but not de facto discrimination |
| Civil Disobedience | deliberate/public act of refusing to obey an unjust law ( primary tactic of civil Rights movement: Rosa Parks & Montgomery Boycott) Gandhi, Martin Luther King |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | -Outlawed discrimination in public places of accommodation -Federal funds withheld from any state/federal project practicing any form of discrimination -Barred employment discrimination -Outlawed arbitrary discrimination in voter registration |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | No interference with right to vote |
| Civil Rights Act of 1968 | Prohibits housing discrimination |
| Feminism | Advocates full political/economic/social equality for women |
| Women's Rights | Gender discrimination violates the Equal Protection Clause |
| Equal Pay Act (1963) | Required for "substantially equal work" |
| Glass Ceiling | invisble discriminatory barrier preventing women & minorities from obtaining positions of power/responsibility; only 1/6th hold executive rankings |
| Sexual Harassment | Unwanted physical contact/ verbal conduct/ abuse of a sexual nature that interferes w/ recipient's job performance, creates hostile work environment, carries implicit/explicit threat of reprisal |
| Interest Group | Organized group of individuals sharing commmon objectives seeking to actively influence policymakers |
| Pluralist Theory | government as a contest among various interest groups, at all levels, to gain benefits for their members |
| "Private" Interest groups | Support economic interests |
| "Business" Interest group | Chamber of Commerce, Friends of Coal |
| "Labor" Interest Group | Right to work laws- bar unions from collecting dues/fees from those they represent who haven't joined union. |
| "Trade Organizations" Interest Group | Work to develop common standards for an idustry |
| "Professional" Interest Group | American Medical Association |
| "Agricultural" Interest Group | Farm Bureau/ Seeks subsidies/restrictions |
| Lobbying | All attempts by organizations/individuals to ingluence the contents of legislation, or to influence the administrative decisions of government |
| Direct Lobbying Techniques | -Making personal contact with key legislators -Providing expertise & research results for legislation -Offering expert testimony before committees -Providing legal advice to legislators -Following up on legislation |
Created by:
Cbarr22
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