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AP EURO CH 11
Age of the Reformation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| why did many townspeople/peasants support religious revolt | they thought it would help them stay politically independent |
| where did the reformation first break out | imperial cities of germany and switzerland |
| What 3 conflicts within the church made the reformation possible? | great schism, conciliar movement, renaissance papacy |
| 2 causes of reformation/criticism of church | lay people became more educated (traveled more + growth in literacy from printing press) |
| what was the modern devotion? | boarding school for laypeople who watned to practice individual piety, source of humanist, protestant, and catholic-reform movements |
| what was the modern devotion also known as? | brothers of the common life |
| what 3 things hurried the collapse of the church? | greater sense of religious identity + nationalism + better government |
| What was the problem with the benefice system? | it allowed people to buy important church positions and didn't enforce the rule that clergy had to live in the districts |
| what were 3 special rights that the church had during the Middle ages? | its properties were exempt from taxes + didn't have to do civic duties + immune from authority civil courts |
| what is luther's main doctrine | sola fide; justification by faith alone |
| What is an indulgence | permitted people to buy their way + deceased's way out of purgatory for sins and make up for it with good works |
| why were indulgences given originally? | to crusaders who could not complete penances because they had fallen in battle |
| Who was the most famous indulgence preacher? | John Tetzel |
| what are the 95 theses | luthers views against indulgences that he posted on door of church at wittenburg, first sign of rebellion |
| what did Luther's Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation urge? | urged German princes to force reforms on Roman church + limit its power |
| What did Luther argue in the Babylonian Captivity of the Church | said only 2 of the 7 sacraments were valid, lowered power of pope |
| What is a diet? | assembly of states of Holy Roman Empire |
| What happened at the Diet of Worms? What was the result and how did Luther react? | Luther presented his views to Emperor Charles V and the German states. Luther was ordered to withdraw but refused |
| What was the main ideal in Luther's Freedom of A Christian | Sola fide |
| Why did many German territorial princes support religious reforms? | they knew that the demise of the roman catholic church would give them economic + political opportunities |
| How did Luther's relationship with the peasants change? Why | first he supported the peasants because he thought they should have rights but then they started revolting so he called them un-christian (he didn't want to be part of a peasant revolt) |
| What were the 2 main preconditions of the Swiss Reformation? | growth in nationalism/opposition to foreign mercenary service and desire for church reforms after Councils of Constance and Basel |
| The Swiss Reformation was led by _____ who was inspired by _____ | Ulrich Zwingli, erasmus |
| Why did Philip of Hesse organize the Marburg Colloquy? was it successful? | to unite Swiss + German protestants , no |
| What did Zwingli believe about religion? What did Luther believe? | Zwingli believed Christ was spiritually present in Eucharist , Luther believes Christ was spiritually and bodily present |
| What were the Anabaptists and what belief distinguished them? | radical protestant group that rejected infant baptism |
| who was the anabaptist founder? what was their stronghold | Conrad Grebel, munster |
| Who was closer to Catholicism? Zwingli or Luther? | Luther |
| What was the dominant protestant force in europe by the second half of the 16th century? | calvinism |
| What 2 things did Calvinists believe in Strongly | Divine predestination and individual responsibility to reorder society |
| What is John Calvins famous book? | Institutes of the Christian Religion |
| Who are the elect according to calvin? how should they behave? | Those who believe/live as instructed by the bible, should live in a god pleasing way |
| what was the major calvinist stronghold | geneva |
| What did the diet of Augsburg order? Why didnt it work? | that all Lutherans revert to catholicism,didnt work because reformation was too strong |
| What was the Augsburg Confession? How did Charles V react to it? | statement of protestant beliefs that the emperor had spurned at diet of augsburg |
| what german city became a lutheran stronghold | magdeburg |
| What did the Peace/Treaty of Augsburg do? What did it symbolize | It made the division of Christendom permanent by letting ruler of land decide its religion --> lutheran victory |
| what 2 major protestant groups were Not protected under the Peace of Augsburg | Anabaptists and Calvinists |
| How did King Henry VII earn the title defender of the faith | the pope gave it to him after he defended the 7 sacraments against Luther |
| what allowed the seeds of religious reform to take root | king henry vIII's unhappy marriage w/ Catherine of Aragon and obsession to get a male heir |
| what did the reformation parliament do in england | made laws that limited clergy |
| What were the only 2 things that really changed as a result of Henry's reforms? | the pope was no longer the head of the english church, english Bibles were placed in English churches |
| What was the Act of Supremacy (henry vIII) | declared Henry the only supreme head of church of england |
| What was the Act of Succession | made henrys 8th's kids legit heirs to throne |
| What did Henry's 6 Articles state | reaffirmed trans, denied eucharist cup to laity, celibacy CATHOLIC VALUES |
| Under Edward VI what happened in england | it became protestant |
| what was the act of uniformity | imposed thomas cranmer's book of common prayer on all english churches |
| what was the catholic counter reformation | movement to stop protestants + restore catholicism |
| What were 3 counter reformation groups? | Jesuits, Ursulines, Capuchins |
| What was the main doctrine of the jesuits? what was their nature | complete obedience to church, self discipline, very militant |
| who was the jesuit leader | ignatius of loyola |
| what was the main doctrine of the capuchins? | pious teachings of saint francis |
| Who were the ursulines? | religious order that promoted education for girls from all social classes |
| What did the Council of trent do? | reaffirmed catholic ideals, some reforms like stopped benefice system and clergy had to be educated |
| how did the role of women change after the reformation | had more importance +rights |
| what was the average family size during reformation | 4-6 |
| Why did people marry later during the reformation | had difficulty supporting themselves independently |
| Who most used wet nurses | noblewomen because they could afford it, convenience, vanity |
| why did the church condemn birth control | they said it was immoral because it went against nature |
| what were shakespeares major accomplishments | tragedies like romeo and juliet, historical plays like Richard III |
| What was Cervantes's major work? what did it compare | Don Quixote, compared realism with idealism, chivalry |
Created by:
mhaq.16
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