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A & P 3
Tissues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cells are organized into more complex units called | tissues |
| tissues | groups of cells that perform a common function |
| study of tissues | histology |
| four types of tissues | epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous |
| epithelial tissue | covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms majority of glands |
| epithelial tissues acts as | physical protection, selectively permeable membrane, a source of secretions and sensations |
| epithelium is classified by two-part name... | 1 - number of epithelial cell layers and 2 - shape of cells at apical surface |
| simple epithelium (classification by layers) | one cell layer thick and is found where filtration, absorption, or secretion are the primary function |
| example of simple epithelium | lining of air sacs of lungs, intestines and blood vessels |
| stratified epithelium (classification by layers) | two or more layers of epithelial cells that are found in areas subjected to mechanical stress (better able to resist wear and tear) |
| example of stratified epithelium | skin lining of the pharynx, esophagus |
| pseudostratified epithelium (classification by layers) | type of simple epithelium that appears to be layered |
| squamous cells (classification by cell shape) | flat, wide, irregular in shape and arranged like flattened floor tiles |
| cuboidal cells (classification by cell shape) | cube-shaped |
| columnar cells (classification by cell shape) | slender and taller than they are wide |
| transitional cells (classification by cell shape) | change shape depending on stretch of epithelium and occur where epithelium stretches and relaxes |
| example of transitional cells | lining of the bladder |
| glands | individual cells or multicellular organs that are composed of predominantly epithelial tissue and secrete substances for use3 elsewhere or for elimination |
| secretions of the glands | mucin, electrolytes, hormones, enzymes, and urea (nitrogenous waste) |
| endocrine glands | lack ducts and secrete hormone products into intestinal fluid and blood to act as chemical messengers or influence cell activity elsewhere |
| exocrine glands | connected with epithelial surface by duct |
| duct | epithelium-lined tube for gland secretion |
| types of exocrine gland | sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands |
| connective tissue | the most diverse and most widely distributed tissue, and it is designed to support, protect, and bind organs (all with proteins, protein fibers, and ground substance) |
| examples of connective tissue | tendons and ligaments, body fat, cartilage, and bone, and blood |
| functions of connective tissue | physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport, and immune protection |
| ligaments | bind bone to bone |
| tendons | bind muscle to bone |
| loose connective tissue | contains relatively fewer cells and protein fibers, is an abundant ground substance, and acts as the body's packing material by supporting structures |
| three types of connective tissues | areolar, adipose, and reticular |
| areolar loose connective tissue | surrounds organs, nerve and muscle cells, and blood vessels |
| adipose loose connective tissue | commonly known as fat |
| reticular loose connective tissue | contains meshwork of reticular fibers, fibroblasts, and leukkocytes |
| dense connective tissue | composed primarily of protein fibers, has proportionately less ground substance than loose connective tissue, and collagen fibers are usually the dominant fiber type |
| three types of dense connective tissue | dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and elastic connective tissue |
| dense regular connective tissue | contains tightly packed parallel collagen fibers (resembles lasagna noodles), and is found in tendons and ligaments (with stress typically applied in a single directions), has few blood cells, and takes a long time to heal |
| dense irregular connective tissue | contains clumps of collagen fibers in all directions, provides support and resistance to stress in multiple directions, and has extensive blood supply |
| dense irregular connective tissue is found in... | most of the skin dermis, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, and capsule around some internal organs (i.e. liver) |
| dense elastic connective tissue | branching, densely packed elastic fibers that is able to stretch and recoil |
| dense elastic connective tissue is found in | walls of large arteries, trachea, and vocal cords |
| muscle tissue | cells that can contract with nervous system stimulation and cause movement (voluntary motion of body parts, contraction of the heart, and propulsion of material through digestive and urinary tracts) |
| three types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue |
| skeletal muscle tissue | aka striated or voluntary muscle tissue; it is primarily responsible for movement of the skeleton and does not contract unless stimulated by somatic nervous system (considered voluntary) |
| cardiac muscle tissue | responsible for heart contraction, contains visible striations, and does not require nervous system to initiate a contraction (contraction initiated by specialized cardiac muscle cells) |
| smooth muscle tissue | lacks striations seen in other tissues, appears smooth, and aka visceral muscle tissue, helps to protect movement through specific organs, and considered involuntary |
| where smooth muscle tissue is found... | the walls of intestines, stomach, airways, bladder, uterus, and blood vessels |
| nervous tissue | located within the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, consists of cells called neurons, and conains large number of glial cells |
| neurons | receive, transmit, and process nerve impulses |
| glial cells | do not transmit nerve pulses, but are responsible for protection, nourishment, and support |
| parts of neurons | cell body, dendrites, and the axon |
| cell body | houses the nucleus and organelles |
| dendrites | shorter, more numerous process that receives incoming signals and transmits information |
| axon | single, long process extrending from cell body and carries outgoing signals to other cells |
| organs | structure composed of two or more tissue types and work together to perform specific complex functions |
| example of an organ | stomach (contains all four tissue types) |
| stomach | lined by epithelium, has areolar and dense connective tissue in the walls, contains three layers of smooth muscle in walls, and has abundant nervous tissue |
| purpose of epithelium in stomach | secretes substances for chemical digestion of nutrients |
| purpose of areolar and dense connective tissue in walls of stomach | houses blood vessels and nerves and provides shape and support |
| purpose of the three layers of smooth muscle in the walls of the stomach | contract and relax to mix materials |
| purpose of nervous tissue in the stomach | responsible for regulating muscle contraction and gland secretion |
| body membranes | formed by epithelial tissue bound to underlying connective tissue that lines body cavities, covers viscera, and covers body's external surface |
| four types of body membranes | mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial |
| mucous membrane | aka mucosa, lines compartments that open to the external environment (i.e. digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts), and performs absorptive, protective and secretory functions |
| serous membrane | lines body cavities that do not open to external environment and produces a watery serous fluid that is derived from blood plasma and reduces friction between opposing surfaces |
| cutaneous membrane | aka skin, covers the external surface of the body and protects internal organs and prevents water loss |
| synovial membrane | lines some joints in the body, and synovial fluid is secreted by the epithelial cells to reduce friction among moving bone parts and distribute nutrients to cartilage |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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