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68WM6 AP 3 Terms
Terminologies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ABO Blood Groups | A system of grouping blood based on the presence or absence of two antigens |
| Adaptive Immunity | Protective mechanism that provide specific protection against certain bacteria and toxins (B and T lymphocytes) |
| Agglutinate | Antibodies causing antigens to clump or stick together (in blood when wrong transfusion occurs) |
| Albumin | Plasma proteins synthesized in the liver that are the primary components of osmotic pressure in the bloodstream |
| Allergic Reaction | Hypersensitive immune reaction of relatively harmless environmental antigens |
| Anemia | A condition that results from too few erythrocytes or hemoglobin |
| Angina Pectoris | Pain in the chest (due to and embolism in the cardiac vessels) |
| Antibodies | Soluble, globular proteins that directly attack antigens, activate complement, or stimulate changes that prevent the spread of pathogens |
| Antigens | A chemical compound attached to a cell surface which, if not recognized by the lymphatic system, elicits an immune responsef |
| Aorta | The major systemic artery that receives blood from the left ventricle |
| Aplastic anemia | (Blood disorder characterizes by low erythrocyte count) from destruction of myeloid tissue in bone marrow |
| Arteriole | A small branch of an artery that communicates with a capillary network |
| Artery | Thick-walled elastic vessels that always carry blood away from the heart |
| Artificial Active Immunity | Active immunity acquired by vaccination |
| Artificial Passive immunity | Immunity by receiving antibodies |
| Atrium | Chamber of the heart that receives blood |
| Augmented Lead | ECG leads between 3 limbs measure change in electric potential on a frontal plane |
| AV bundle | Fibers in the heart that relay a nerve impulse from the AV node to the ventricles (bundle of His) |
| AV node | A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is part of the conduction system of the heart |
| Bilirubin | Pigment that results from destruction of hemoglobin |
| Bipolar Lead | The electrical connection of two electrodes to a recording instrument and to two different places on the body, such as the chest and a limb. |
| Buffy coat | Thin layer of white blood cells and platelets located between red blood cells and platelets in between erythrocytes and blood plasma in a centrifuged blood sample |
| Capillary | A small blood vessel that connects an arteriole and a venule () |
| Capillary Blood Pressure | Blood pressure found in the capillaries |
| Carbaminohemoglobin | The compound formed by the union of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin |
| Cardiac cycle | A series of myocardial contractions and relaxations that constitute a complete heartbeat |
| Cardiac output | The volume of blood per minute that the heart pumps |
| Central Venus Pressure | Venus blood pressure within the right atrium that influences pressure in the large peripheral veins |
| Coagulation | an effective hemostatic mechanism that causes blood clots through the use of clotting factors |
| Colloid Osmotic Pressure | the pressure resulting from water moving toward an area of a higher concentration of a solute |
| Deoxyhemoglobin | hemoglobin not combined with oxygen, formed when oxyhemoglobin releases its oxygen to the tissues |
| Diastole | Phase of the cardiac cycle when a heart chamber wall relaxes |
| Electrical event | The electrical conduction of the heart as visualized on the EKG |
| Embolism | Obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign matter carried in the bloodstream |
| Embolus | a dislodged blood clot that is moving through the blood vessels |
| Endocardium | Inner lining of the heart chambers |
| Eosinophils | Lymphocytes that release chemicals that combat worms |
| Epicardium | The visceral portion of the pericardium on the surface of the heart |
| Erythroblastosis Fetalis | Disease that may develop when an Rh negative mother gives birth to an Rh positive infant causing the mother to become exposed and produce antibodies endangering future fetuses. |
| Erythrocytes | biconcave disks, also known as red blood cells, used to transport gases |
| Erythropoietin | a hormone that is secreted by the kidney and liver to control rate of erythrocyte production |
| Fibrin | insoluble threads of protein that form a meshwork at sites of injury that entrap blood cells and platelets forming blood clots |
| Fibrinogen | a large protein synthesized in the liver that functions in blood coagulation |
| Gamma Globulin | IGG antibodies (most common) |
| Globulin | three types of proteins synthesized in the liver and lymphatic tissue and are important in the transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins and immunity |
| Globulin | three types of proteins synthesized in the liver and lymphatic tissue and are important in the transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins and immunity |
| Granulocytes | Leukocytes containing a lobed nucleus (neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, eosinophils) |
| HDL | Good cholesterol (smallest allowing triglycerides to be transported in the blood stream) (high density lipoprotein) |
| Hematocrit | the percentage of formed elements in a volume of whole blood Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets |
| Hemoglobin | oxygen carrying portion of the erythrocyte |
| Hemorrhagic Anemia | Anemia from blood loss |
| Hemostasis | the processes responsible for stopping blood loss when a blood vessel is damaged |
| Heparin | Prevents coagulation |
| Hepatic Portal Circulation | Delivers blood from the intestines - filters for nutrients and toxins - and delivers it to the heart via inferior vena cava |
| Humoral Immunity | Cell mediated immunity involving lymphocytes (B and T cells) |
| Hydrostatic Pressure | Force of fluid pushing against a surface (blood pressure) |
| Hypotension | Abnormally low blood pressure |
| Hypertension | Abnormally high blood pressure |
| Innate Immunity | Non-specific immunity - immediate generic protection against pathogens (macrophages, neutrophils, inflammation etc.) |
| Ischemia | Deficiency of blood in a body part |
| LDL | Bad cholesterol (low density lipoprotein) enables transport of multiple fat molecules in the blood stream |
| Leukemia | Blood cancer characterized by cancerous increase in leukocytes |
| Leukocytes | five types of cells, also known as white blood cells, that protect against disease Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes |
| Leukocytosis | Abnormally high white blood cell numbers in blood |
| Leukopenia | Abnormally low white blood cell numbers in blood |
| Lipoprotein | proteins that combine with lipids to allow transport of lipids through the bloodstream, Phospholipids with triglyceride core. |
| Lymph | Specialized fluid formed in the tissue spaces that returns excess fluid and protein molecules to the blood |
| Lymph nodes | Performs biological filtration of lymph on its way to the circulatory system |
| Lymphatic Capillaries | Tiny blind-ended tubes distributes in the tissue spaces |
| Lymphatic Pathways | Pathways involving lymph vessels throughout the body |
| Lymphocytes | Specialized white blood cells (T and B cells) involved with specific immunity |
| Mechanical Event | The muscular contraction of the heart that sends blood out of the heart |
| Mitral valve | Heart valve between left atrium and left ventricle also known as the bicuspid valve |
| Monocytes | Leukocyte that differentiates into macrophages upon arrival at site of infection |
| Myocardial Infarction | A MI is the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle secondary to prolonged ischemia |
| Myocardium | Muscle tissue of the heart |
| Natural Active Immunity | Involves the production of antibodies (humoral immunity) |
| Natural Passive Immunity | Antibodies from a mother passed to a fetus |
| Neutrophil | Leukocyte that releases oxidizing agents to destroy pathogens as well as engulf them |
| P - Wave | Deflection on an ECG that occurs with depolarization of the atria |
| Pacemaker | Mass of specialized muscle tissue that controls the rhythm of the heartbeat AV and SA |
| Pernicious Anemia | Deficiency of red blood cells resulting from a lack of vitamin B12 |
| Plasma | clear, straw-colored liquid portion of whole blood which contains acomplex mixture of chemicals |
| Plasma Proteins | Proteins circulating in the blood plasma that contribute to hydrostatic and osmotic pressures (colloidal pressure) (albumen) |
| Polycythemia | Excessive number of red blood cells |
| Precordial Lead | record the electric potential changes in the heart in a cross sectional plane |
| Prothrombin | A protein present in normal blood that is required for blood clotting |
| Prothrombin activator | A protein formed by clotting factors from damaged tissue cells and platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin (platelets) |
| Purkinje Fibers | Specialized cells located in the walls of the ventricles that relay nerve impulses from the AV node to the ventricles causing myocardial contraction |
| QRS complex | Deflection on an ECG that occurs as a result of depolarization of the ventricles |
| Rh Blood Group | a system of grouping blood based on the presence of the Rh antigen |
| SA node | The hearts pacemaker where the impulse conduction of the heart normally starts: located in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava |
| Serum | Blood plasma without its clotting factors but still containing antibodies |
| Spleen | Larges lymphoid organ that filters blood and destroys inadequate erythrocytes and reabsorbs iron from hemoglobin (serves as a blood reservoir) |
| Stroke volume | The volume of blood that each ventricle discharges in a heartbeat |
| Systemic circulation | Involves movement of blood from the left ventricle throughout the body and back to the right atrium |
| Systole | The phase of the cardiac cycle when a heart chamber wall contracts |
| Thrombocyte | cell fragments, as known as platelets, that close breaks in damaged blood vessels and initiate the formation of blood clots |
| Thrombopoietin | a hormone responsible for the initiation the formation of thrombocytes |
| Thrombosis | Formation or clot in a blood vessel causing partial or full blockage of flow |
| Thrombus | a blood clot that abnormally forms in a blood vessel |
| Thymus | "educates" T-lymphocytes |
| Urea | Nitrogen containing waste product |
| Vasoconstriction | A decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel |
| Vasodilatation | An increase in the diameter of a blood vessel |
| Vasospasm | Blood vessel spasm |
| Vein | A vessel that carries blood toward the heart |
| Vena Cava | The large vein that conveys deoxygenated blood to the right atrium |
| Ventricle | Chamber of the heart that contract to send blood the lungs and body |
| VLDL | Produced by the liver (enables fat molecules to be transported in the blood) |
| Whole Blood | the combination of all fluid and components in the blood |
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