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dr ray anatomy final
anatomy final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. functions of the digestive system | 1.) ingestion-introduction of food into the stomach 2.)mastication-chewing, chemical digestion requires large surface area so breaking down large particles mechanically facilitates chemical digestion |
| continued... | 3.) propulsion -deglutition:swallowing -peristalsis:moves material thru digest. tract. a wave of circ. smooth muscle relaxation moves ahead of the bolus of food or chyme allowing digestive tract to expand. then a wave of contraction of the circ. smooth. |
| continued... | muscles behind the bolus of food or chyme propels it through the digestive tract. *mass movements-in large intestine |
| continued | 4.) mixing-segmental contractions 5.) secretion:lubricate liquefy, digest -mucus:secreted along entire digestive tract, lubricates food and lining, coats lining and protects from mechanical digestion, from acid and from digestive enzymes -next slide |
| continued.. | -water:liquefaction makes food easier to digest and absorb -bile:emulsifies fats -enzymes:chemical digestion |
| continued.. | 6.)digestion-mechanical and chemical 7.)absorption-movement from tract into circulation or lymph 8.)elimination:waste products removed from body; feces defecation |
| 2. tissue layer of the digestive tract | 1.mucosa-innermost layer, consisting of mucous epithelium (strat. squamous in mouth, oropharyn, esophagus and anal canal) simple columnar epithelium in the rest of the tract -loose CT:lamina propia -muscularis mucosae: smooth muscle |
| continued.. | 2. submucosa-thick CT layer w/ nerves blood vessels, small glands. parasympathetic submucosal plexus 3.muscularis:2 or 3 layers of smooth muscle 2 are circ. and longitudinal. exception:esophagus where the upper 1/3 is striated this layer also contains... |
| continued... | the myentric plexus. the myentric and submucosal plexi together called the enteric or intramural plexus. import. in control of movement and secretion 4.serosa or adventitia:CT, serosa is present, called visceral peritoneum where adv. is present, CT blend |
| 3. which layers contain the enteric plexus? | muscularis (alicias answer-esophagus, stomach, intestines) |
| 4.) tongue | 1.muscular with free anterior surface & attached posterior surface. covered w/ moist stratified squam. epithel. -intrinsic muscles-change shape/extrinsic protrude or retract tongue, move side to side |
| continued... | 2.lingual frenulum attaches tongue inferiorly to floor of oral cavity 3.terminal sulcus:groove divides tongue into anterior 2/3;posterior 1/3 4.anterior part:papillae, some of which hv taste buds |
| continued... | 5. posterior part: non papillae and a few scattered taste buds. lymphoid tissue embedded in post. surface: lingual tonsil 6. moves food in mouth, participates in speech and swallowing |
| 5.) salivary glands | 1. 3 pairs of multicellular glands -parotid:largest, serous, just anterior to the ear. parotid duct crosses over masseter penetrates buccinator,& enters the oral cavity adjacent to the 2nd upper molar |
| continued.. | -submandibular-mixed more serous than mucous, poster. half of infer. border of mandible. duct enters oral cavity on either side of lingual frenulum -sublingual-smalles, mixed, primarily mucous, each has 10-12 ducts that enter the floor of the oral cavity |
| continued... | 2. lingual glands-small, coiled tubular glands on surface of tongue |
| 6.) what does saliva contain? | contains salivary amylase that breaks down starch into disaccharides maltose and isomaltose (alicias answer-water, mucous, electrolytes, lisozyme,salivary, amylase, lingual lipase) |
| 7.) the esophagus | -transports food from pharynx to stomach -passes thru esophageal hiatus (opening) of diaphragm & ends at stomach *hiatal hernia:widening of hiatus -sphincters *upper-striated *lower-smooth -mucosa-moist strat. squam. epit. produces thick layer of mucus |
| 8.) where the swallowing reflex area in the brain is | medulla oblongata |
| 9.) the stomach | phone |
| 10.) what the cells in the gastric glands produce | phone |
| 11.) what cells produce pepsinogen? | chief cells |
| 12.) what does pepsin digest? | proteins |
| 13.) what happens during each of the stomach phases? | phone |
| 14.) the function of the villi in the duodenum | folds of the mucosa, to increase surface area, that contain capillaries and lacteals |
| 15.) which cell types in the duodenum produce digestive enzymes? | duodenal enteroendocrine cells-release secretin and cholecystokinin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide(ATP) |
| 16.) what types of contractions in the small intestines do the contents( chyme) | ileocecal sphincter remains slightly contracted until peristaltic waves reach it; it relaxes allowing chyme to move into cecum |
| 17.) function of the hepatocytes in the liver | bile production, storage, intercoversion of nutrients, detoxification, phagocytosis, synthesis of blood components |
| 18.) what is bile? | aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder |
| 19.) what does the gallbladder do? | bile arrives constantly from liver is stored and concentrated |
| 20.) what do the digestive emzymes produce in the pancreas? | amylase and lipases (pancreatic) |
| 21.) parts of the large intestines | phone |
| 22.) functions of the large intestines | digestion (mechanical or chemical), absorption, transport |
| 23.) what types of muscle composes the external anal sphincter? | skeletal muscle |
| 24.) functions of the urinary system | *filtering of blood: involves 3 processes-filtration, reabsorption, secretion *regulation of blood volume, concentration of blood solutes: Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, HPO4^-2, pH of extracellular fluid:secrete H+, blood cell synthesis *synthesis of vit. D |
| 25.)what is the renal capsule? | fibrous CT, surrounds each kidney |
| 26.) what are renal pyramids? | cone shaped, base is boundary between cortex and medulla. apex of pyramid is renal papilla points toward sinus |
| 27.) function unit of the kidney | nephron |
| 28.) glomerulus | network of capillaries, blood enters through afferent arteriole, exits through efferent arteriole |
| 29.) filtration cells around glomerular capillaries | bowmans capsule outer parietal (simple squamous epithelium) and visceral(cells called-PODOCYTES) layers |
| 30.) window like openings in the endothelial capillary cells | fenestrae |
| 31.) where does the fluid from the goes after it leaves the bowmans capsule | the proximal convoluted tubules (proximal tubule) |
| 32.) structure of a loop of henle | phone |
| 33.) function of peritubular capillaries | peritubular capillaries form a plexus around the proximal and distal tubes |
| 34.) how kidney function is achieved overall | phone |
| 35.) what is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and the descending loop of henle? | tubular reabsortion-occurs as filtrate flows through the lumens of proximal tubules, loop of henle, distal tubule, and collecting ducts |
| 36.)what happends to the solute concentration in the distale tubule | phone |
| 37.) what hormone of the pit. controls dehydration | ADH |
| 38.) how does urine get to the urinary bladder? | phone |
| 39.) anatomy and function of the urinary bladder | phone |
| 40.) primary functions of the reproductive system | male-serves to produce sperm and introduce them into the female body female-produces eggs receives sperm, provides for the union of these gametes, harbors the fetus, gives birth, and nourishes the offspring |
| 41.) male anatomical structures of reproduction | gonads (testes), duct system, glands, penis (phone) |
| 42.) cremaster and dartos muscles | help regulate temperature |
| 43.) where are sperm cells produced? | seminiferous tubules |
| 44.)which cells produce testosterone? | interstitial cells |
| 45.) where the testes descend during fetal development? | phone...weak part in abdominal wall. herniation |
| 46.) where do sperm cells mature and are stored? | epididymis |
| 47.) where is seminal fluid produced? | seminal vesicles-60% prostate gland-30% bulbouethral glands-5% |
| 48.) function of the corpora cavernosa | a pair of sponge like columns of erectile tissue that engorge with blood during penile erection |
| 49.) the enlargement of the corpus spongiosum at the tip of the penis | glans penis |
| 50.) female organs of reproduction | ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genital organs, mammary glands |
| 51.) what is oogenesis and where does it come from? | production of a secondary oocyte in ovaries |
| 52.) where ferilization normally occurs | the uterine tube (specifically in the ampulla, the widest part) |
| 53.) which layer of the uterus the embryo is normally implanted in? | the functional endometrium (alicias-endothelium) |
| 54.) what ruptures to release the secondary oocyte and what hormone surges to accomplish this? | the graafian (ovaria) follicle ruptures to release the oocyte, becoming known as the corpus luteum, FSH |
| 55.) which hormones maintain pregnancy? | HCG, progesterone, estrogen |
Created by:
tiffanynp
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