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Ch12
Endocrine System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Endocrine system | Secretes hormones |
| Endocrine glands | Secrete directly into the bloodstream |
| Hormones | Chemicals that bring about a change in the body |
| Protein-based hormones | Can be long or short chains of AAs or variations of single AAs |
| Steroids | Cholesterol derivatives |
| Protein hormones | Also call the two messenger mechanism |
| Steroids | Are liquid soluble therefore they diffuse through the cell membrane |
| Nucleus | The steroid protein complex enters the _____ |
| Cells of endocrine glands | Respond to chemical changes, other hormones, or nervous system stimulation |
| Releasing hormones | Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete it's hormones |
| Inhibiting hormones | Suppress hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary |
| Tropic hormones | Stimulate other endocrine cells to release their hormones |
| Prolactin | Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands in females |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone | Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids |
| Growth hormones | Act on the entire body to promote protein synthesis, liquid and carbohydrate metabolism, and bone and skeletal muscle growth |
| Thyroid stimulating hormones | Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone |
| Luteinizing hormone | Stimulate ovulation and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in females and the secretion of testosterone by the testes in males |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone | Stimulates the production of eggs in the ovaries of females and sperm in the testes of males |
| Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin | The hormones stored by the posterior pituitary |
| Oxytocin | Stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth |
| Antidiuretic hormone | Acts on the kidneys to reduce urine volume and prevent dehydration |
| Negative feedback | When the pituitary stimulates another endocrine glands to secrete it's hormone, that hormone is then sent back to the pituitary, telling it to stop the release of tropic hormone |
| Pituitary gland | Hangs by short stock called the infundibulum from the hypothalamus |
| Anterior pituitary | Made of glandular tissue |
| Posterior pituitary | Extends from the nerve tissue of the hypothalamus |
| Antidiuretic hormone | Helps maintain blood pressure |
| Pineal gland | Releases melatonin |
| Thymus gland | Located anterior and bilateral to the trachea just inferior to the larynx |
| T3 | Contains three iodine atoms |
| T4 | Contains four iodine atoms |
| Calcitonin | Maintain normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate by decreasing reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from the bones to the blood thus lowering blood levels |
| Parathyroid gland | To glands on the posterior of each lobe of the thyroid gland |
| Parathyroid hormone | Increases blood calcium and phosphate |
| Adrenal gland | Located on the top of each kidney |
| Norepinephrine | Causes vasoconstruction in the skin, Viscera, and skeletal muscles to quickly raise blood pressure |
| Epinephrine | Increases heart rate and force of contraction |
| Adrenal cortex | Secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones |
| Sex hormones | Estrogen for females, androgens for males |
| Aldosterone | The most abundant mineralocorticoid, increases blood volume and blood pressure |
| Cortisol | Increases glucogenesis from lipids and excess AAs |
| Anti-inflammatory | Blocks histamine |
| Pancreas | Located mainly in the left upper quadrant, both an endocrine and exocrine gland |
| Alpha cells | Produce Glucagon |
| Beta cells | Produce insulin |
| Delta cells | Somatostatin |
| Glucagon | Stimulates liver to begin Glycogenolysis and uses lipids and AAs for energy by glucogenesis |
| Insulin | Decreases blood sugar by increasing permeability of cells to glucose and stimulating glycogenesis in the liver and muscles |
| Prostaglandins | Made in virtually all cells from phospholipids of their cell membranes |
| Local action | Does not circulate in the blood |
Created by:
Darren24
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