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Solid/Haz Waste
CH 6 Solid and Hazardous Waste
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| RCRA | Resource Conservation and Recovery Act |
| CERCLA | Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (Superfund) |
| subtitle D | the solid waste probram (RCRA) |
| subtitle C | the hazardous waste program (RCRA) |
| subtitle I | the underground storage tank program (RCRA) |
| MSW | municipal solid waste residences, commercial establishments and institutions |
| MSW does not include | construction, demolition debris and auto scrap |
| largest proportion of solid waste | paper and paper products |
| hazardous waste | anything that is toxic, ignitable, corrosive and/or reactive |
| infectious and radioactive waste | not presently regulated by RCRA |
| source reduction | minnimize generation of waste at source (manufacturing, design or by reusing materials) |
| P2 | pollution prevention |
| pollution prevention | amount and toxicity of hazardous wastes are reduced |
| examples of p2 | changing manufacturig processes, material substitution, changing equipment |
| recycling | collectino reprocessing or remanufacturing materials for reuse |
| resource recovery | recycling |
| composting | uses natural biochemical decay processes to convert organic wastes into a soil conditioner |
| aerobic composting | the quickest decomposition method and the least smelly- biological stabilizatino of organic wastes |
| 4 factors to control aerobic composting | 1. moisture (60%) 2. carbon:nitrogen ratio (30:1) 3. temperature (32-60c)4. oxygen (continuous) |
| natural composting | parallel rows, moisturized and turned (large surface area) |
| passive composting | uses pvc pipes, minimal cost, not much area, unskilled workers |
| forced aeration | tubes of pvc pipes but blowers attached |
| vermicomposting (worms used) | red wiggler (eisensia foetida) red worm (lumbricus rebellus) |
| anaerobic fermentatin | biogas conversion to produce methane |
| biogas byproducts | 60% CH4, 40%CO2traces of H2, N2, H2S |
| rotary kiln incinerator | can handle solid and liquid |
| grate type incinerator | large irregular shaped solid waste |
| fluidized bed type incinerator | liquid, sludge or uniform size |
| waste-to-energy | heat of combustion in form of electricity or steam |
| mass burn facilities | unsegregated wastes feed furnace |
| refuse derived fuel plants | noncombustibles removed first and the rest is shredded to produce fuel to be used in burners |
| soil of choice in landfills | sandy loam |
| trench method | level terrain, dirt is on top of buried material then compacted |
| the area method | used on side of hill or slope- continues until slope is leveled |
| valley or ravine method | refuse placed in a depressin and filled with dirt, compacted and built up then used for parks or golf courses |
| TSD | treatment, storage and disposal (persuant to RCRA) |
| TSD Requirements | Double liners, leachate collection systems, ground water monitoring |
| deep well injection | pumps liquid wastes through lined wells into porous rock formations deep underground |
| controlled incineration | burns at temps 750-3000F |
| bioremediation | uses naturally occurring bacteria or fungi to degrade haz waste |
| subsurface impoundments | hold haz wastes in liquid form and are open on surface |
| subsurface impoundments must have | double liners and leachate collection systems and good ground water monitoring system |
| waste piles | must comply with requirements for landfills and protect from wind dispersion |
| haz waste landfills (requirements) | 2 or more liners, 2 leachate collection systems and ground water monitoring systems |
| basic blocks of sanitary landfills | cells basic blocks of sanitary landfills waste is covered by how many inches of soil |
| inspection | visit by EH , point not to uncover evidence |
| oxygen concentration meter | range from 0-25% above 25% dangerous due to combustion |
| combustible gas indicator | - measures percentag of the lower explosive limit (LEL) will alarm at 20% |
| radiation survey | measures ionizing radiation >2 millirems/hour are Potent. Haz. |
| colorimetric indicator tubes | uses color changes |
| photoionization detector | air sample UV light and measures ionization |
| flame ionization detector | hydrogen flame ionizes compound instead of UV |
| risks assessments include (3) | hazard identification, dose response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization |
| health assessment based on 3 things | environmental characterization, community health concerns, health outcome data |
| ash residue | all the solid residue and liquids resulting from combustion of solid waste |
| biodegradable material | waste that can be converted, usually by bacteria and microorganisms |
| commercial waste | solid waste generated by stores, offices, restaurants, warehouses |
| composting | controlled biological decomp of solid waste under aerobic conditions |
| fly ash | residue from combustino of solid waste |
| geomembrane | impermeable membrane used in landfills |
| industrial waste | waste generated by manufacturing or industrial processes |
| integrated solid waste management | source reduction, recycling, waste transformation, landfilling |
| leachate | liquid resulting from precip percolating through landfills |
| municipal solid waste | nonhazardous waste from households, non process related industry |
| cost internalization | price items so that all steps, including disposal, are reflected |
| combustion is great at | reduction- up to 9 fold |
| special wastes | medical, animal, waste oil, old tires |
| medical waste | any solid wastewhich is generated in diagnosis, treatment immunizatin, reearch or poduction of testing biologicals |
| pre-treatment for landfilling medical waste | incineration or autoclaving |
| windrow composting | windrows are 3-6 feet high, 6-15 feet wide, uncovered pads, frequent mixing. Odors will result if anaerobic |
| in-vessel composting | enclosed container 1. plug flow 2. dynamic |
| plug flow in-vessel | first in first out |
| dynamic | agitated |
| trench mothod | level ground or some slope, trenches are constructed and that material forms a ramp |
| area or ramp method | flat or rolling to use the natural slope |
| gases found in landfills | NH3, CO2, cO, H2, H2S, CH4, N2, O2 |
| phase 1: initial adjustment | organic biodegradable components undergo bacterial decomp - aerobic cause air is trapped in |
| phase 2: transition | oxygen is depleted and anaerobic conditions begin to develop |
| phase 3: acid phase | organic acids increase and H2 decreases |
| phase 4: methane fermentation | acetic acid and hydrogen gas produce methane and co2 the ph wil rise to more neutral 6.8 to 8 |
| phase v: maturation | last portions of material is converted |
| daily solid waste cover depth | 6" |
| final landfill cover depth | 24" |
| final fill slope | 4% |
| depth of solid waste | 8-10 ft avg |
| rdf fired combustor | refuse derived fuel (pellets or cubes) |
| 4 charactaristics of haz waste | 1. ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, toxicity |
| ignitability | fire hazard |
| corrosivity | special containers required |
| reactivity (explosiveness) | react vigorously or spontaneously with air, water or are unstable |
| toxicity | may release toxicants to pose hazard |
| RCRA haz waste does not include | domestic wastewater, irrigation or indust discharde under Water Pollution Control Act, nuclear materials, household wastes, mining and ag wastes less than 220lb/month |
| RCRA of 76 expands purposes of | Solid Waste Disposal Act of 65 is expanded by |
| RCRA amendments of 84 | double liner, leachate collection and no varianc from groundwater monitoring |
| CERCLA of 80 | (superfund) regs leachate and haz substances from inactive haz waste sites |
| TSCA of 76 | Toxic Substance Control Act regulates production use and disposal of chemicals |
| the major generators of haz waste | primary metals, organic chemicals, electroplating, inorganics, textiles, petroleum, rubber and plastics |
| location of transfer station | center |
| garbage fed to hogs should be boiled for how many minutes? | 30 minutes |
| baling, landfill equipment and pulping all achieve | volume reduction |
| how much wast stream can be economically recovered?f | about half of the waste stream |
| acidic conditions do what to methane producing bacteria | inhibit |
| methane in air at what concentration explodes? | 5-15% |
| temperature of second step of incineration | 1500-1800F |
| landfill should be at least how many feet from a stream? | 200 feet |
| describe final cover of landfill site | 24 inches of compacted soil, low permeability, graded to shed water |
| leachate with high molecular weight organic compounds treated by | physicochemical methods like lime adition and settling |
| leachate with low molecular weight organic compounds are best treated by | biological methods like activated sludge |
| best sanitary land fill method for rolling terrain is | area or ramp method |
| lift method uses what depth? | 8-10 feet |
| dragline used at a landfill for: | digging trenches, stockpiling material and placing cover material |
| operation of landfill should we (with or against prevailing wind) | with wind to prevent wind from blowing back into operator |
| CHEMTREC | chemical emergency 24 hour advice |
| thermal process in addition to incineration | cement kiln |
| slope of lifts | 2:1 rise over run (1 rise and 2 runs) so 26.3 grade of 50% grade in a landfill cell |
| gases produced at landfills | methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfice |
| first 4-60 days of landfill | aerobic state |
| after 60 days | anaerobic |
| anaerobic byproducts | co2, h2s, ch4 |
| F wastes | hazardous wastes from non-specific sources |
| K wastes | haz wastes from specific sources |
| P and U wastes | discarded commercial products, residues |
| p wastes | acutely hazardous |
| cradle to grave haz waste | generator of waste is responsible |
| conditional exemption from RCRA | less than 100 kg of haz waste/month |
| small quantity generators | less than 1,000 kg/month |
| more than 100 kg haz waste during a month | 90 day storage limin begins |
| CFR 40 | procedures for using haz waste manifest |
| manifest | multicopy shipping form designed by EPA and DOT environmental justice |
Created by:
sanitarianpankey
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