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Poli Sci TTU final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| public opinion | the collective attitudes and beliefs of individuals on more issues |
| public opinion polls | scientific efforts t estimate what an entire group thinks about an issue by asking a smaller sample of the group for its opinion |
| benchmark poll | initial poll on a candidate and issues on which campaign strategy is based and against which later polls are compared |
| exit polls | election related questions asked of voters right after they vote |
| push polls | polls that ask for reactions to hypothetical, often false, information in order to manipulate public opinion |
| tracking polls | ongoing series of surveys that follow changes in public opinion overtime |
| random sample | samples chosen in such a way that any member of the population being polled has an equal chance of being selected |
| sample bias | the effect of having a sample that does not represents all segments of the population |
| sampling error | a number that indicates within what range the results of a poll are accurate |
| gender gap | the tendency of men and women to differ in their political views on some issues |
| online processing | the ability to recieve and evaluate info as events happen, allowing us to remember our evaluation even if we have forgotten the specific events that caused |
| political socialization | |
| rational ignorance | the state of being uninformed about politics because of the cost in time and energy |
| 4 criteria for ideal democratic citizens | political knowledge, ideology, tolerance, participation |
| what influences our opinion about politics? | family, schools and education, groups, political and social events |
| sources of division in public opinion | self interest, education, age (political generations), media, gender (gender gap), race, religion, geographical region, marital status |
| informal measure of public opinion | personal contacts, mail from citizens, allows politicians to pick up issues that could be missed in polls, likely to have sample bias |
| straw polls | a "fake" vote with non-binding effects |
| development of modern public opinion polls | straw polls, literary digest and the 1936 presidential election , gallup polls (said readers digest was wrong, more accurate), 1948 presidential election (newspaper already printed stating dewey beat truman, we're wrong) |
| importance of asking the right question | no loaded questions, not ambiguous, terms should be understood |
| acquiescence bias | answering the question you think the interviewer is looking for |
| pseudo polls | internet poll, call in poll |
| two step flow of info | the process by which citizens take their political cues from more well informed opinion leaders |
| ****True or false. Given acq bias respondents to surveys will seek to conform to the opinion of the interviewer given their desire to conform to the popular answer | true |
| collective good | a good or service that, by its very nature, cannot be denied to anyone who wants to consume it |
| interest group | an organization of individuals who share a common political goal and unite for the purpose of influencing government decisions |
| political action committee (PAC) | the fundraising arm of an interest group |
| public interest group | groups that organize to influence government policy for the economic benefit of their members |
| economic interest groups | groups that organize to influence government policy for the economic |
| direct lobbying | direct interactions with public officials for the purpose of influencing policy decisions |
| selective incintives | benefits that are available only to the group members as an inducement to get them to join |
| expressive benefits | selective incintives that derive from opportunity to express values and beliefs and to be committed to a greater cause |
| material benefits | selective incintives in the form of tangible reward |
| solidarity benefits | selective incintives related to the interaction and bonding among group members |
| faction | a group of citizen, whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, united ad actuated |
| lobbying | interest group activities aimed at persuading policymakers to support the groups positions |
| social groups | sometimes benefit form one candidate |
| party identification | biggest factor accounting for ho people vote |
| prospective voting | basing voting decisions on well informed opinions and consideration of the future consequences of a given vote |
| retrospective voting | basing voting decisions on reactions to past performance; approving the status quo or signaling a desire for change |
| the candidates | others forma clear opinion about candidates qualities that are relevant to governing (seek strong leadership qualities) |
| party caucus | local gathering of party members to choose convention delegates |
| presidential primary | an election by which voters choose convention delegates committed to voting for a certain candidate |
| front loading | the leading candidate and expected winner of a nomination or election |
| who runs the campaign | professional campaign managers |
| the electoral college defines strategy | visit large and competitive sates |
| valance issues | an issue on which most voters and candidates share the came position |
| position issues | an issue on which the parties differ in their perspective and proosed solutions |
| wedge issues | a controversial issue that i=one party uses to split the voters in the other party ex. gun control |
| negative advertising | campaign advertising that emphasizes the negative characteristics of opponents rather than ones own strategies |
| government matching funds | money given by the federal government to qualified presidential candidates in the primary and general elections |
| hard money | campaign funds donated directly to candidates; amounts are limited by federal election laws |
| soft money | unregulated campaign contributions by individuals, groups, or parties that promote general election activities but do not directly support individual candidates |
| issue advocacy ads | advertisements paid for by soft money, and thus not regulated, that promote certain issue positions but do not endorse specific candidates |
| voter mobilization | efforts of parties to increase turnout |
| why should public opinion matter? | The government’s legitimacy rests on the idea that government exists to serve the interests of its citizens |
| why does public opinion matter? | politicians act as though they believe the public is keeping tabs on them |
| what is the ideal democratic citizen | a virtuous citizen concerned for the common good, recognizes that democracy carries obligations as well as rights |
| political linkage | parties provide a linkage between voters and elected officials |
| a voice for the opposition | parties provide an articulate opposition to the ideas and politics of those elected to serve in government |
| party organization | represents the system of central committees at the national, state, and local events |
| party-in-government | compromise all the candidates for the national, state, and local office who have been elected |
| party-in-the-electorate | represents ordinary citizens who identify with or have some feeling of attachment to one of the political parties |
| party primary | the party-int-the-electorate (registered party members) rather than the part bosses chose between competing party candidates for a party nomination |
| civil service reform | government jobs were filled on the basis of merit instead of prty loyalty |
| critical election | an election signaling a significant change in popular allegiance from on party to another |
| realignment | a substantial and long term shift in a party allegiance by individuals and groups, usually resulting in a charge in party direction |
| party era | extended periods of relative political stability in which one party tends to control both the presidency and congress (5 agreed upon eras) |
| dealignment | reduction in party identifiers into 1980s but has rebounded to some extent |
| what do democrats stand for | government action to solve social problems and play a larger role in the economy, but want government generally to stay out of their personal, religious, or moral lives |
| what do republicans stand for | government should provide social and moral order, but should play little role in the economy |
| reasons for only 2 parties | electoral system favors two parities, primary elections, third parties victim of own success, few serious political splits, legal barriers |
| ***which of the following is a characteristic of the responsible party model? | it presents a coherent set of programs to voters |
| public interest groups | organize to influence government to produce collective goods or services that benefit the general public |
| equal opportunity interest groups | organize to promote the civil and economic rights of underrepresented or disadvantaged groups |
| the president and lobbying | tsrget president and executive office of the white house, office of public liaison, revolving door exists here |
| the bureaucracy and lobbying | lobby to get laws implemented favorably, strong relationships with regulators and private sector, iron triangle |
| social protests and mass movements | public activities designed to bring attention to political causes: usually done by those without access to conventional means of expressing their views |
| grassroots lobbying | indirect lobbying efforts that spring from widespread public concern |
| astroturf lobbying | indirect lobbying efforts by interest groups that manipulate or create public sentiment, "astroturf" being artificial grassroots |
| momentum | the widely held public perspective that a candidate has gained electoral strength |
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