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Digestive Terms.
Terminology of the Digestive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anorexia | lack of appetite |
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
| borborygmus | rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract |
| constipation | difficulty in passing stools (feces) |
| diarrhea | frequent passage of loose watery stools (feces) |
| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing |
| eructation | gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth |
| flatus | gas expelled through the anus |
| hematochezia | passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum |
| jaundice (icterus) | yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia) |
| melena | black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood |
| nausea | unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit |
| steatorrhea | fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter |
| aphthous stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers |
| dental caries | tooth decay |
| herpetic stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus |
| oral leukoplakia | white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth |
| periodontal disease | inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone |
| achalasia | failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax |
| esophageal varices | swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus |
| gastric carcinoma | malignant tumor of the stomach |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach |
| hernia | protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it |
| peptic ulcer | open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum |
| anal fistula | abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus |
| colonic polyposis | polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon |
| colorectal cancer | adenocarcinamo of the colon or rectum, or both |
| crohn disease (Crohn's) | chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum and colon) |
| diverticulosis | abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall |
| dysentery | painful, inflamed intestines |
| hemorrhoids | swollen, twisted, vericose veins in the rectal region |
| ileus | failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines |
| intussusception | telescoping of the intestines |
| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension |
| ulcerative colitis | chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers |
| volvulus | twisting of the intestine on itself |
| cholelithiasis | gallstones in the gallbladder |
| cirrhosis | chronic degenerative disease of the liver |
| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas |
| viral hepatitis | inflammation of the liver caused by a virus |
| absorption | passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins, produced when proteins are digested |
| amylase | enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch |
| anus | opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body |
| appendix | blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the right lower quadrant |
| bile | digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. it breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules |
| bilirubin | pigment released by the liver in bile |
| bowel | intestine |
| canine teeth | pointed, "dog tooth"-like teeth, next to (distal to) the incisors. also called cuspids or eyeteeth |
| cecum | first part of the large intestine |
| colon | large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and decending segments; and the rectum |
| common bile duct | carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. also called the choledochus |
| defecation | elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the rectum |
| deglutition | swallowing |
| dentin | major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root |
| digestion | breakdown of complex foods into simpler forms |
| duodenum | first part of the small intestine |
| elimination | act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials |
| emulsification | physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat |
| enamel | hard, outermost layer of a tooth |
| enzyme | a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances |
| esophagus | tube connecting the throat to the stomach |
| fatty acids | substances produced when fats are digested |
| feces | solid wastes; stools |
| gallbladder | small sac under the liver; stores bile |
| glucose | simple sugar |
| glycogen | starch; glucose is stored in this form in liver cells |
| hydrochloric acid | substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food |
| ileum | third part of the small intestine; from the Greek eilos, meaning twisted. when the abdomen was viewed at autopsy, the intestine appeared twisted, and the ilium often was an area of obstruction |
| incisor | one of four front teeth in the dental arch |
| insulin | hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. it transports sugar from the blood into the cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver |
| jejunum | second part of the small intestine |
| lipase | pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats |
| liver | a large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn out red blood cells |
| lower esophageal sphincter (LES) | ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. also called cardiac sphincter |
| mastication | chewing |
| molar teeth | the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch |
| palate | roof of the mouth |
| pancreas | organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for food digestion) |
| papollea | small elevations om=n the tongue |
| parotid gland | salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear |
| peristalsis | rhythmic contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and other tubular structures. moves the contents through the GI tract at different rates: stomach, 0.5 to 2 hours; small intestine, 2 to 6 hours; and colon, 6 to 72 hours |
| pharynx | throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose |
| portal vein | large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines |
| protease | enzyme that digests protein |
| pulp | soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels |
| pyloric sphincter | ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, neat the duodenum. it is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it |
| pylorus | distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum |
| rectum | last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus |
| rugae | ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach |
| saliva | digestive juice produced by salivary glands |
| salivary glands | paratid, sublingual, and submandibular glands |
| sigmoid colon | fourth and last S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum |
| sphincter | circulating ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening |
| stomach | muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus |
| triglycerides | large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol |
| uvula | soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate |
| villi | microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream |
Created by:
vikingmedterm
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