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A&P Exam 2 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Autonomic Nervous System | part of the nervous system that controls the viscera (such as the heart and various glands), also controls involuntary actions |
| Collateral | a branch of an axon or blood vessel |
| Enteric | of, relating to, or being within the intestine |
| Hypothalamus | part of the brain located below the thalamus and forming the floor of the third ventricle, includes many nuclei |
| Inhibit | hinder, restrain, or prevent |
| Involuntary | not consciously controlled; functions automatically |
| Medulla | inner portion of an organ |
| Neurotransmitter | chemicals that an axon end secretes that stimulates a muscle fiber to contract or a neuron to fire an impulse |
| Norepinephrine | neurotransmitter released from the axons of some nerve fibers |
| Parasympathetic division | part of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord |
| Peripheral | away from the center or the body or a body part |
| Spinal | of or relating to the spine |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | part of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord |
| Synoptic | a general view of the whole, or the principle parts of a thing |
| White matter | the paler tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve fibers with their myelin sheaths |
| Gray matter | region of the central nervous system that lacks myelin and thus appears gray |
| Afferent | conducting toward a central part of a structure |
| Axon | a nerve fiber; conducts a nerve impulse away from a neuron cell body |
| Conduction | movement of body heat into the molecules of cooler objects in contact with the body surface |
| Dendrite | process of a neuron that receives input from other neurons |
| Dorsal | of, on, or relating to the upper side or back |
| Efferent | conducting away from the center |
| Motor area | region of the brain that sends impulses to muscles or glands |
| Myelin | fatty material that forms a sheathlike covering around certain nerve fibers |
| Receptor | specialized cells that provide information about the environment, also cell surface structures that bind particular molecules, called ligans, thereby transmitting a signal to inside the cell |
| Reflex | rapid, automatic response to a simulus |
| Sensory area | part of the cerebral cortex that receives and interprets sensory nerve impulses |
| Ventral | of or pertaining to the venter or belly; abdominal |
| Acetylcholine | type of neruotransmitter, which is a biochemical secreted at axon ends of many neurons; transmits nerve impulses across synapses |
| Actin | protein in a muscle fiber that forms filaments that slide between filaments of the protein myosin; contracting muscle fibers |
| Antagonist | a muscle that opposes a prime mover |
| Aponeuroses | sheet of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone and fascia |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| Contraction | the shortening and thickening of functioning muscle or muscle fiber |
| Cross-bridges | the globular head of a myosin molecule that projects from a myosin filament in muscle and in the sliding filament hypothesis of muscle contraction is held to attach temporarily to an adjacent actin filament and draw it into the A band of a sarcomere betwe |
| Elasticity | being able to bounce back to an original length after being stretched or shortened |
| Energy | an ability to move something and thus to do work |
| Fascia | sheet of fibrous connective tissue that encloses a muscle |
| Fatigue | physical and/or mental exhaustion |
| Hypertrophy | enlargement of an organ or tissue |
| Insertion | end of a muscle attached to a movable part |
| Muscle | a tissue composed of fibers capable of contracting to effect bodily movement |
| Myofibril | contractile fibers in muscle cells |
| Origin | end of a muscle that attaches to a relatively immovable part |
| Sarcomere | structural and functional unit of a myofibril |
| Tendon | cordlike or bandlike mass of white fibrous connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone |
| Tropoyosin | rod-shaped protein spiraling around actin backbone to stabilize it |
| Troponin | complex of polypeptides |
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