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Joints Ch. 8
Chapter 8 definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Articulations | Joints; the point where 2 bones meet |
| Arthrology | Branch of science that studies joint structure, function, and dysfunction |
| Synarthroses | Fibrous joints; collagen fibers from one bone penetrate the adjacent bone, anchoring the bones in place; suture joints |
| Amphiarthroses | Cartilaginous joints; two bones are joined by cartilage making it slightly movable; symphysis pubis, vertebrae |
| Diarthroses | Synovial joints; freely movable; most numerous and versatile |
| Joint capsule | Sheet of connective tissue that encloses the joint cavity, extending from the periosteum of each of the articulating bones |
| Synovial membrane | Moist, slippery membrane that lines the inside of the joint capsule, where it secretes synovial fluid |
| Joint cavity | Small space between the bones that allows for freedom of movement; contains synovial fluid |
| Synovial fluid | Slippery, viscous fluid that has the consistency of an egg white; lubricates the joint, nourishes the cartilage, and contains phagocytes to remove debris |
| Articular cartilage | Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the bone surfaces; permits friction-free movement |
| Ligaments | Tough cords of connective tissue that help bind the bones more firmly together |
| Bursa | Small sacs of synovial fluid; facilitate movement and ease friction, residing in areas where muscles and tendons pass over bony prominences |
| Humeroscapular joint | Shoulder; articulation of the humerus and the scapula |
| Temporomandibular joint | Jaw; articulation of the mandible and the temporal bone |
| Sacroiliac joint | The point where the sacrum and the ilium meet |
| Pivot joint | A projection from one bone articulates with a ring-shaped socket of another bone, allowing the bones to rotate, or pivot; the dens of the axis articulating with the atlas, the radioulnar joint |
| Hinge joint | Allow only back and forth movement; the convex surface of one bone fits into a concave depression on another; the elbow, the knee, interphalangeal joints |
| Gliding joint | 2 relatively flat bone surfaces slide over each other; least mobile of all the synovial joints; tarsals, carpals, and articular processes of the vertebrae |
| Ball-and-socket joint | Ball shaped head of one bone fits into a cup-like socket of another bone; widest range of motion; shoulder and hip |
| Saddle joint | Concave in one direction, convex in the other; allows for back and forth and side to side movement , although the side to side movement is limited; only in the thumbs |
| Condyloid joint | Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on another; allow flexion and extension as well as side to side movements; the articulation of the radius and carpals and the joints at the base of the fingers |
| Flexion | Bending a joint so as to decrease the angle of the joint |
| Extension | Straightening a joint, increasing the angle between the bones |
| Hyperextension | Extreme extension of a joint beyond its normally straight position |
| Dorsiflexion | Moving the toes upwards |
| Plantar flexion | Moving the toes downward |
| Abduction | Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body |
| Adduction | Movement of a body part toward the midline of the body |
| Circumduction | Distal end of an appendage moves in a circle |
| Supination | Movement that turns the palm upward |
| Pronation | Movement that turns the palm downward |
| Internal rotation | When a bone spins toward the body's midline |
| External rotation | When a bone spins away from the body's midline |
| Inversion | Foot movement that turns the sole medially, toward the other foot |
| Eversion | Foot movement that turns the sole laterally, away from the other foot |
| Protraction | Moves a part forward |
| Retraction | Moves a part backward |
| Glenohumeral joint | Shoulder, humeroscapular joint |
| Humeroulnar joint | Articulation of the humerus and the ulna; elbow |
| Humeroradial joint | Articulation between the humerus and the head of the radius; elbow |
| Tibiofemural joint | Largest joint in the body and the most complex; knee |
| Fibular collateral ligament | Ligament on the fibula (lateral) side of the knee that keeps the knee from rotating when extended |
| Tibial collateral ligament | Ligament on the tibia (medial) side of the knee that keeps the knee from rotating when extended |
| Posterior cruciate ligament | PCL; stabilizes the knee and limits sideways movement |
| Anterior cruciate ligament | ACL; stabilizes the knee and keeps it from hyperextending |
| Lateral meniscus | Slightly concave piece of cartilage on the lateral side that cradles the condyles and absorbes shock |
| Medial meniscus | Slightly concave piece of cartilage on the medial side that cradles the condyles and absorbs shock |
| Arthroplasty | Surgical procedure that replaces a diseased joint with a prosthesis |
| Prosthesis | Artificial device |
| Arthritis | Inflammation of a joint |
| Osteoarthritis | "Wear-and-tear" arthritis; common effect of aging; effects the hips knees, intervertebral joints, and fingers |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Autoimmune disease; degeneration of the articular cartilage and thickening of the synovial membrane; causes pain and joint deformity; no cure; drug and physical therapy can help control symptoms |
Created by:
cbooher16
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