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general EH chapter 1
Control of communicable and non-infectious diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| % soil moisture for survival of pathogens | 10 to 20% * |
| Ideal conditions for pathogens in soil | 10-20% saturation, good nutrients, ph does not affect, low sunlight, low temperatures * |
| Water Treatment to eliminate pathogens | free residual chlorine and low turbidity (less than 1 NTU) can kill virus |
| Dose to cause Salmonella | 10^5 * |
| Dose to cause Vibrio | 10^9 * |
| Dose to cause Campy | 10^2 or less * |
| Dose to cause Crypto | 10^2 or less * |
| Decrease in Infant Mortality | leads to increase in life expectancy * |
| Examples of sanitation | chlorinated water, sewage disposal, milk pasteurization, chlorination, hygiene, nutrition * |
| What type of population would show an increase in L.E due to prevention of deaths from particular disease? | homogenous population; Risk factors vary with age * |
| Greatest life expectancy Increase would come from______ however, | increasing general quality of life and control disease; LE does not identify morbidity or quality of life * |
| Principle of Multiple Barriers | Source => Mode of Transmission => Susceptibility Phelps says to attack all three at same time- erect barriers at each "link" |
| Control of Source (EPA) | "zero-discharge" goal- change the process to eliminate or minimize offending substance (PCB's for example) * |
| Control of Source (water) | find cleanest drinking water- no mocrobial or toxic chemicals add fluoride and softener * |
| Control of Source Shellfish | don't let people eat food from toxic waters (pathogens, methylmercury, PCB) * |
| Control of Source Food | regulate production and assure of good nutritional content * |
| Control of Source Living | provide safe housing * |
| Control of Source pest management | eliminate vectors (arthropods, rodents) that spread disease * |
| Control of Source Disease Resevoir | separate infected people and animals when infectious * |
| Control of Transmission and Environmental Factors | prevent travel of infected vectors, have safe water to drink, safe food to eat, safe air to breathe * |
| Control of Susceptibles | immunization and good housing, sanitation and hygiene * |
| Koch's Postulates | TB 1. Observed the bacillus in association with all cases of the disease 2. grown the organism outside the body of the host 3. reproduced the disease in a susceptible host with culture |
| Respiratory Diseases spread through milk: | scarlet fever, streptococcal sore throat, diphtheria = RAW MILK |
| Respiratory Diseases spread through contact with people or things: | Smallpox, chickenpox, mumps, mono, meningitis |
| 1854 London Epidemic (who found it and what was it) | Asiatic cholera, John Snow, Broad Street Well |
| How did Snow stop the London outbreak? | Removed the handle of the Broad street well |
| How did Broad St. Well become contaminated? | House drain with 4 cholera deaths drained right into the well |
| first big epi study | Snow in London |
| 1892 cholera outbreak confirmed (how and by whom) | Vibrio cholerae isolated from drinking water by Koch |
| 1940 Genessee River | raw sewage into drinking system |
| 1939 typhoid fever | dye tests confirmed sewer water got into drinking water |
| source of giardia | humans, beaver, muskrat |
| cryptosporidium | protozoa, fecal oral |
| legionnaires disease | water storage facilities, hospitals, hotels |
| Bugs in raw milk | salmonella, campy, listeria, staph aureus |
| More than 75% of deaths by know pathogens are caused by | salmonella, listeria, toxoplasma |
| 0 F or less | frozen foods |
| 5F for 20 days | trickinella is killed |
| 145 for 30 min | Batch pasteurization |
| 160 for 15 sec | HTST pasteurization |
| 180-212 | Good dish sanitization, staph not inactivated |
| 212 for 10 to 20 min | botulinum inactivated |
| 191 for 1 sec | UHT past. |
| 212-240 | canning temp for fruit, pickles |
| 240-250 for 10 min | low-acid veggies, meat and poultry |
| PHF | water activite of 0.85 or more, ph of 4.6 or higher |
| "universal solvent" | water |
| The most plentiful form of freshwater | ground water (subsurface) (hard to get to) |
| "cradle to grave" steps of investigation | preparation>detection>confirmation>description>hypothesis -^remedial contols->hypothesis testing>control measures>final report |
| 4 supgroups of incubation: Less than 1 hour ___, 1-7 hours ___, 8-14 hours___, >14 hours | Incubation times: chemical, staphylococcus, c. perfringens, other agents |
| odds ratio (OR)= | (a/c)/(b/d) |
| Relative Risk (RR) = | ((a/(a+b)/((c/(c+d)) |
| ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
| PCR | basic approach to assaying nucleic acid |
| steps to PCR(3) | 1. denature double stranded dna (92-94C) 2. annealing primers to single strand 3. complementary strand synthesis |
| epidemiologic transition | mortality shifts from infectionus disease mortality to chronic disease mortality |
| symbiosis | mutual benefit |
| 4 stages of an infected carrier | 1. incubation 2. carrier 3. fulminate 4. remission/immunity |
| disease eradicated with vaccinations | smallpox |
| vectors are commonly | arthropods |
| commercial air system | legionella - pneumonia through hotel vents |
| nosocimial transmission | transmission within a health care setting |
Created by:
sanitarianpankey
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