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Politics Exam Terms
Politics Exam 2 Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Justice | A situation in which people are treated as they deserve. |
| Substantive Justice | A concept of justice that emphasizes people receiving what they need and deserve, whether on the basis of the contributions they make to common efforts, of their need for the reward, or of at least approximate equality of treatment |
| Procedural Justice | a concept of justice less concerned with fairness of distribution to people than with the procedures by which decisions are reached about them |
| Arbitrary Action | Action that is taken capriciously. The people affected do no know what to expect before the action and do not learn afterward the grounds on which the action was chosen |
| Due Process | An expectation that certain procedures must always be followed in making a policy and that if they were not, they policy should be void |
| Effective Policy | An effective policy is one that gives the state that greatest benefits at the least cost |
| Market Mechanism | a mechanism whereby social choice results from choices of all memeber of the collectivity rather than from a decision made by the central governing unit |
| Externality | A situation in which there are social costs or benefits beyond the individual costs and benifits involved in a transaction |
| Regime | The general form of government of state, including its consitution and rules of government |
| Democracy | A state in which quaified citizens vote at regular intervals to choose, among alternative candidates, the people who will be in charge of settting the state's policies |
| Authoritarian Democracy | A formal democracy in which, through some miz of fraud, intimidation, and control of communications the same ruler stays in power indefinitely |
| Third Wave | the wave of democratization across many states from the late 1970s to early 1990s |
| Agent-centric Explanation | Explanation that puts individual agency at the forefront of explanation, rather than social or economic structures |
| Pacts | In general, agreements; specifically with regard to democratization, agreements between the leaders of the new democracy and the supporters of the older authoritarian system |
| Crisis Transitions | Transistions from an autocractic to a democratic system that take pplace in the context of an exonomic crisis |
| Authoritarian System | A governmental arrangement in which those who hold power are not responsible in their exercise of power, in any formal way, to the broad citizenry of the state |
| Military Government | an autocracy in which military offers rule, perhaps with the help of appointed civilians |
| Coup | The forceful deposition of a government by all or a portion of the armed forces and installation of a new military government. |
| One-Party State | a state in which the government is based on , and in turn supports, a single political party. |
| Monarchy | A state in which the power to rule is inherited through descent in a family |
| Theocracy | A state ruled by a set of religious leaders |
| Political Culture | The attitudes and beliefs held communally by a people, forming the basis for the political behavior |
| Political Socialization | The process of learning the facts, assumptions, and attitudes we use in responding to politics. |
| Agents of Socialization | those who carry out political socialization: parents, schools, media, friendship groups, and so on. |
| Social Capital | The interwoven network of associational activitiesthrough which people are involved in their communities and build a resevior of trust and positive expectations about collective action |
| Constitution | A set of rules by which power is distributed in a political group, such as the state |
| Incentive Compatibility | A situation in which those who make decisions on behalf of society benifit personally when their decisions benefit society |
| Unitary State | A state in which no other governmental body but the central government has any areas of policy that are exlusively under its control |
| Federal State | A state in which the consitution grants to regional governments a legal monopoly over certain political decisions, such as educational policy. |
| Rule of Law | an assurance that actions of the government are based on general principles that are applied equally to all people |
| Consitutionalism | A doctrine that states constitutions should be designed fairly, no to give undue advantage to any particular group, and that the government should then be faithful to that constituion. |
| Referendum | An election in ehich voter choose directly whether a particular proposal will become law |
| Electoral System | A set of rules by whihc the outcomes of an election is determined from the distribution of voters cast by electorate |
| Plurality System | A system of government and interest grups in which all interests organize compete freely |
| Proportional Representation Electoral System | An electoal system in which parties receive a number of seats in the lefislature roughly proportional to the number of votes that were cast for them among the electorate |
| Paradox of Voting | a paradox that no one should bote if their only reason for voting is that they wish to help their favored candidate win. |
| Party Identification | A personal identification with a political party; not just agreement with its policies or candidate of the moment but an enduring identification with the party itself |
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