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Oriole A&P - Ch 9
General information over Ch 9 material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A-band | darker area of striations - where myosin filaments are located |
| actin binding site | where myosin attaches during power-stroke cycle |
| actin filament | composed of actin, troponin complex, tropomyosin |
| aerobic endurance | how long muscles can utilize aerobic respiration before reverting to anaerobic |
| aerobic respiration | conversion of glucose to ATP with the presence of oxygen |
| anaerobic glycolysis | converting glucose to ATP without oxygen - produces lactic acid |
| aponeurosis | broad, flat sheet of connective tissue that connects muscles to attachment points |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate - energy 'currency' of a cell |
| ATP binding site | where ATP attaches on a myosin head, enabling detachment |
| cardiac muscle | striated, involuntary, uninucleate, contains gap junctions |
| concentric | contraction that occurs to shorten a muscle while the tension remains constant |
| contractibility | functional characteristic dealing with ability to shorten |
| contractures | cramp' - muscle locks in place due to complete absence of ATP (temporary) |
| creatine kinase | enzyme that allows CP to add its phosphate to ADP |
| creatine phosphate | molecule that 'carries' phosphate - transferred to ADP to quickly make ATP |
| cross-bridges | what myosin heads are called when they attach to binding sites on actin |
| deep fascia | connective tissue that covers a functional muscle group (like the quads) |
| eccentric | contraction that occurs when a muscle lengthens, but the tension remains constant |
| elastic filament | responsible for returning muscles to their original resting length after contraction |
| elasticity | functional characteristic observed when muscles return to resting length after contraction |
| endomysium | connective tissue that separates each muscle fiber from the others |
| epimysium | connective tissue that covers the entire muscle |
| excitability | functional characteristic allowing muscles to react to a stimulus |
| extensibility | functional characteristic allowing muscles to stretch beyond their resting length |
| F-actin | composed of many G-actin molecules to produce a strand of this |
| fascicle | small bundle of muscle fibers - wrapped by perimysium |
| fermentation | second step of anaerobic respiration that produces lactic acid |
| G-actin molecule | chains of this molecule constitute an F-actin strand |
| glycogen | branched chains of glucose found in high concentrations in muscle sarcoplasm |
| H-zone | area of the A-band that is lighter than the rest - no thin filaments found here |
| I-band | lighter area of a sarcomere - only thin filaments found here |
| innervation | generally speaking, the nerve supply to a muscle |
| insertion | attachment point of a muscle that moves during contraction |
| involuntary | not consciously controlled - characteristic of smooth and cardiac muscle |
| irritability | functional characteristic allowing muscles to react to a stimulus |
| isometric | contraction that occurs to change the tension, but not the length of a muscle |
| isotonic | when a muscle changes in length, but the tension remains the same |
| load | must be overcome by the force of contraction in order to shorten the muscle |
| M-line | middle of the myosin - elastic filaments found here keep them all aligned |
| muscle cell | also know as a muscle fiber |
| muscle fatigue | physiological inability to overcome the load due to relative deficit of ATP |
| muscle fiber | another term for muscle cells |
| muscle twitch | single reaction of muscle to a single stimulus |
| myo- / mys- | prefix that means "muscle" |
| myofibrils | small bundles of myofilaments found within each muscle cell |
| myofilaments | actin and myosin are called these |
| myoglobin | oxygen-storing protein molecule found in sarcoplasm |
| myogram | printed record of the tension over time as a muscle contracts |
| myosin filament | composed of myosin molecules that surround an elastic filament |
| myosin molecule | two long chains (twisted tails) and two short chains (heads) of protein |
| origin | attachment point of a muscle that remains stationary during contraction |
| oxygen debt / EPOC | amount of oxygen needed to return a muscle to its original resting state after anaerobic respiration occurs |
| perimysium | connective tissue wrapping around each fascicle |
| psychological fatigue | the mental 'giving-up' during competition when there exist enough ATP to continue |
| pyruvic acid | end product of glycolysis - can either be converted to lactic acid or used to make more ATP |
| sarco- | prefix that means "flesh" |
| sarcolemma | literally meaning 'flesh' - 'husk' / muscle cell membrane |
| sarcomere | smallest contractile unit of muscle - from Z-disc to Z-disc |
| sarcoplasm | specific term for the muscle cell's cytoplasm |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | network of passageways that store, release, and resorb Calcium ions for contractile purposes |
| skeletal muscle | voluntary, multinucleate, striated |
| smooth muscle | uninucleate, non-striated, involuntary - also called visceral |
| striation | alternating light and dark bands due to internal arrangement of myofilaments |
| tendon | thick, rope-like connection between muscle and its attachment point |
| tetanus | occurs when multiple stimuli are sent to a muscle to produce a sustained contraction |
| treppe | stair-step phenomenon that gradually increases contractile force |
| triads | SR, T-tubule, SR |
| tropomyosin | component of actin filament that acts to block binding sites and stabilize F-actin strands |
| troponin complex | regulatory proteins that act to cover/uncover binding sites - controlled by Calcium concentrations |
| T-tubule | invagination of sarcolemma that allows for action potential to be carried into the muscle cell |
| vascularity | extent of direct blood supply to a part of the body |
| voluntary | under conscious control |
| Z-disc | central connection point of thin filaments - edge of each sarcomere |
Created by:
nstevens
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