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Anatomy chapter six
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. | Contractility |
| the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. | excitability |
| the ability to be stretched | extensibility |
| ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. | elasticity |
| four major functional characteristics | Contractility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity |
| muscles help to produce heat essential for maintenance of normal | body temperature. |
| each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath. | the epimysium. |
| connective tissue located outside the epimysium.it surrounds and separates muscles | fascia |
| a muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called | muscle fasciculi |
| muscle fasciculi is surrounded by loose connective tissue called | the perimysium |
| the fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called | fibers |
| each muscle fiber is a single cylindrical cell containing what? | several nuclei |
| each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called | the endomysium |
| the cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with what? | myofibrils |
| a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other. | myofibrils |
| myofibrils consist of 2 major kinds of protein fibers: | actin myofilaments, and myosin myofilaments |
| thin myofilaments | actin myofilaments |
| thick myofilaments | myosin myofilaments |
| actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called | sarcomeres |
| joined end to end to form the myofibril | sarcomeres |
| the sarcomere is the basic structural and functional unity of the what? | muscle |
| each sarcomere extends from? | one Z line (disc) to another Z line. |
| each Z line is an attachment site for what? | actin |
| the arrangement of actin and myosin give what type of appearance? | banded |
| on each side of the Z line is a light area called a what? | I band |
| the I band consists of what? | actin |
| the A band extends the length of the what? | myosin |
| in the center of each sarcomere is another light area called the what?` | I band |
| the H zone only consists of what? | myosin |
| the myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at a dark staining band called the what? | M line |
| the outside of the most cells membranes is positively charged compared to the inside of the cell membrane, which is what? | negatively charged |
| the charge difference across the membrane is called? | resting membrane potential |
| when a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics do what? | change briefly |
| the brief reversal back of the charge is called? | action potential |
| are nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers. | motor neurons |
| axons enter the muscles and what? | branch |
| each branch that connects to the muscle forms a what near the center of the cell? | neuromusclular junction or synapse |
| a singles motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called? | motor unit |
| many motor units form what? | a single muscle |
| a neuromusclular junction is formed by an enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indetation of the what? | muscle cell membrane. |
| the enlarged nerve terminal is the? | presynaptic terminal |
| the space between the preynaptic terminal and the cell is the what? | synaptic cleft |
| muscle fiber is the what? | postsynaptic terminal |
| each preynaptic terminal contains what? | synaptic vesicles |
| each presynaptic terminal contains synaptic vesicles that secrete a neurotransmitter called? | acetylcholine. |
| it diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the what? | postsynaptic cell |
| when an action potential reaches the nerve terminal, it causes the synaptic vesicles to releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft by what? | exocytosis |
| the combination of acetylcholine with its receptor cause an influx of sodium ions into the what? | muscle fiber |
| the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzymes called? | acetycholinesterase |
| this enzymatic breakdown ensures that one action potential in the neuron yields only one action potential in the skeletal muscle and only one contraction of the what? | muscle cell |
| occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten is? | muscle contraction |
| when the sarcomeres shorten it causes the.... | muscles to shorten |
| the sliding of myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called? | sliding filament mechanism |
| is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. | muscle twitch |
| a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called? | threshold |
| a point when the muscle fiber will contract maximally. This is called? | all-or-none response |
| the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the? | lag phase |
| the time of contraction is the? | contraction phase |
| the time during which the muscle relaxes is the? | relaxation time. |
| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany |
| the increase in number of motor units being activated is called? | recruitment |
| ATP is needed for energy for? | muscle contraction |
| ATP is produced in the? | mitochondria |
| ATP is short-lived and? | unstable |
| ATP can store another high energy molecule called? | creatine phosphate |
| without oxygen | anaerobic |
| the energy in ATP is used to? | synthesize creatine phosphate |
| with oxygen | aerobic respiration |
| the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose is | oxygen debt |
| results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells... | muscle fatigue |
| the length of the muscle does not change | isometric |
| the amount of tension is constant during contraction | isotonic |
| muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time | muscle tone |
| contract quickly and fatigue quickly | fast-twitch fibers |
| contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue | slow-twitch fibers |
| is the most stationary end of the muscle | origin |
| is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion |
| the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion is the | belly |
| some muscles have multiple origins or... | head |
| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called? | synergists |
| muscles that work in oppostion to one another are called? | antagonlists |
| if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement it is called the? | prime mover |
Created by:
alishacooper
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