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Nissing AP Ch4
A&P Ch4 Tissue level of organization
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| If you find errors PLEASE email me so I can fix them. | Totallyjen@gmail.com |
| Cell types arranged in various combinations with discrete structural and functional properties | Tissues |
| Tissues in combination working to perform a specific function. | Organ |
| The study of tissues | histology |
| Type of tissue that lines internal passageways and chambers | Epithelial tissue |
| Type of tissue which transports materials, and stores energy reserves | Connective tissue |
| Type of that carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses | Neural tissue |
| Type of tissue specialized for contraction | Muscle tissue |
| Type of tissue which provides structural support for other tissues | Connective tissue |
| Type of tissue which forms glands | Epithelial tissue |
| Type of tissue which fills internal space | Connective tissue |
| Type of tissue that covers exposed surfaces | Epithelial tissue |
| Two types of structure included in epithelial tissue | epithelia and glands |
| What does epithelia do? | cover internal or external surfaces in layers |
| What do glands do? | produce fluid secretions |
| Why are glands included in the epithelial group of tissues? | They are either attached to or derived from epithelia |
| In epithelia, cells are bound closely together by interconnections called... | cell junctions |
| This term refers to the epithelial presence of an exposed surface and a base | polarity |
| What do we call the exposed surface of epithelial tissue? | apical |
| What do we call the attached surface of epithelial tissue? | basal lamina or basement membrane |
| What two tissues create the attachment ability of a basal lamina? | The basal surface of the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue |
| Why must epithelial cells obtain nutrients by diffusion or absorption across epithelial surface? | It is avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels |
| The rate of regeneration of epithelial cells is typically much faster than that of other tissues because... | it is continuously replaced through stem cell divisions in the epithelium |
| Name the 4 essential functions of epithelial tissue | Protection, absorption, sensation, secretion |
| Epithelial cells that produce secretions | gland cells |
| In this type of tissue, most or all the epithelial cells produce secretions | Glandular epithelium |
| What are the two destinations and functions of glandular secretions? | surface (physical protection or temperature regulation) or interstitial fluid and blood (chemical messengers) |
| What are the 3 specialized categories into which epithelial cells fall. Hint: it relates to fluids | 1) make secretions 2) move fluids through epithelium 3) move fluids over epithelial surface |
| What are the two functional regions of epithelial cells? | Apical surface (exposed) and basolateral surface (attachment) |
| These are often present on epithelial cells that line internal passageways, especially where absorption and secretion occur | Microvilli |
| The presence of microvilli increases the surface area by as much as ... | 20 times |
| A typical ciliated epithelium cell contains about 250 cilia that move in what way? | they beat in a coordinated manner, bathing the surface of the cell in fluid and moving the fluid in one direction |
| What is the result of damage or injury to ciliated epithelium by abrasion or exposure to toxic compounds like nicotine or CO? | It can stop ciliated movement, block the protective flow of mucus, and possibly lead to infection or disease |
| Transmembrane proteins that interconnect large areas of opposing plasma membranes | CAMs, Cell Adhesion Molecules, bind to eachother and to extracellcular molecules |
| CAMs on the basolateral surface of an epithelium help bind the cell to the ... | underlying basement membrane |
| Membranes of adjacent cells may be bonded by a thin layer of proteoglycans that contain these polysaccharide derivatives | glycosaminoglycans, like hyaluronan (hayaluronic acid) |
| In this cell junction, the lipid portions of the two plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins. | tight junction |
| Inferior to cells bound by tight junctions is a band that encircles the cells and binds them to their neighbors, called... | Adhesion belt |
| Explain why epithelial cells with tight junctions are found lining tubes such as the intestinal tract. | They isolate contents of the lumen from the basolateral surfaces of the cell, preventing enzymes, acids, and waste from autodigestion |
| Type of cell junction where two cells are held together by two interlocking transmembrane proteins called connexons | Gap Junction |
| What type of proteins are connexons? | Channel proteins common in epithelial cells where movement of ions helps coordinate functions such as cilia beating. Also in other tissues like cardiac and smooth muscle |
| Very strong cell junction involving CAMs and proteglycans, which link opposing plasma membranes and resist stretching and twisting | Desmosome (Desmos=ligament, soma=body) |
| Desmosome junctions are formed between two cells whose cytoskeletons are connected by a complex known as a... | dense area |
| Type of desmosome described as small discs connected to bands of intermediate filaments, which stabilize the shape of the cell | Spot desmosome |
| Type of desmosome that resemble half of a spot desmosome, attaching a cell to extracellular filaments in the basement membrane | Hemidesmosome (hemi=half) |
| The layer of the basement closer to the epithelium containing glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments | Clear Layer, Secreted by adjacent epithelial cells |
| What is the role of the clear layer of the basement membrane? | restricts movement of proteins and other large molecules from underlying connective tissue |
| The layer of the basement deeper to the epithelium containing bundles of coarse protein fibers | Dense Layer, Produced by connective tissue cells |
| What connects epithelial cells to the composite basement membrane? | Hemidesmosomes |
| What is the role of the Dense Layer of the basement membrane? | It gives strength to the basement membrane and acts as a filter between epithelium and adjacent tissues |
| What type of cells continue dividing in order for epithelium to maintain its structure? | stem cells, or germinative cells, located in a relatively protected location near the basement membrane |
| In what way must epithelial cells be viewed to determine their shape? | A perpendicular section showing both the exposed surface and the basement membrane |
| In sectional view, this cell shape appears thin and flat | squamous |
| In sectional view, this cell shape appears like little boxes | cuboidal |
| In sectional view, this cell shape appears tall like relatively slender rectangles | columnar |
| If only one layer of cells covers the basement membrane, then that layer is a... | simple epithelium |
| All the cells of a simple epithelium has the characteristic of uniform distance from the nucleus to the basement from one cell to the next. This is because they have the same... | polarity |
| simple epithelium are thin and fragile, so they exist in protected areas like... | lining compartments and passageways, including body cavities, heart chambers, blood vessels, intestinal lining, and gas-exchange surfaces of lungs |
| In this type of epithelium, several layers of cells cover the basement membrane | Stratified epithelium |
| Where might stratified epithelium be found? | areas exposed to mechanical or chemical stress, like surface of skin and lining of mouth |
| Give shape: thin flat irregular cells that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle | squamous |
| Give shape and type: Body's most delicate type, found in alveoli and lining of heart and blood vessels | Simple squamous |
| Simple squamous epithelium that lines the ventral body cavities | mesothelium; including pleura, peritoneum, pericardium |
| Simple squamous epithelial lining of inner surface of heart and blood vessels | endothelium |
| Give shape and type: generally located where mechanical stresses are severe, like skin, and lining of mouth, esophagus, and anus | stratified squamous |
| Apical layers of exposed epithelial cells are packed with filaments of protein called... | keratin |
| Keratinized epithelium has these charachteristics: | tough and water resistent |
| Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia are situated in these places: | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina |
| Give shape and type: limited protection and occurs where secretion or absorption take place like in portions of kidney tubules | Simple cuboidal |
| Give shape and type: located along ducts of sweat glands and larger ducts of mammary glands | stratified cuboidal |
| Give shape: sometimes appear plump and cuboidal, sometimes appear flat and stratified. located in regions of the urinary system | Transitional |
| Give shape: densely packed hexagonal cells with elongated nuclei crowded into a narrow band near the basement nuclei | Columnar |
| Give shape and type: Typically found where absorption or secretion occurs, such as in the small intestine and stomach, protecting against chemical stress | simple columnar epithelium |
| Give shape and type: located in portions of the respiratory tract, includes several types of cells with varying shapes and functions with varied distances between nuclei and exposed surface | Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| What keeps pseudostratified cells from being truly stratified? | every cell contacts the basement membrane |
| Give shape and type: line most of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, and portions of male reproductive tract | ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| Give shape and type: protect along portions of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra, and some large excretory ducts. | Stratified columnar epithelia |
| In stratified columnar epithelia with more than two layers, which cells are columnar? | ONLY the superficial cells |
| Glands that release secretions into interstitial fluid | endocrine glands (endo=inside) |
| Glands that release secretions into passages called ducts that open onto epithelial surface | exocrine (exo=outside) |
| These fluids are released directly into the surrounding interstitial fluid | endocrine secretions, aka hormones |
| Another word for endocrine glands | ductless glands |
| Exocrine glands produce this fluid, which is discharged onto an epithelial surface through a duct. Name it and give 2 examples | exocrine secretions (milk, sweat, digestive enzymes, tears) |
| Method of exocrine secretion in which exocytosis releases product, such as mucin, which mixes with water to form mucus. Also forms saliva and sweat. | Merocrine secretion (think of the M's - merocrine secretion makes mucin which makes mucus) |
| Method of exocrine secretion in which cytoplasm is lost as the apex of a cell becomes packed with secretory vesicles, and then is shed. | Apocrine secretion (Think of a's - apex) |
| Method of exocrine secretion destroys the cell, which becomes entirely packed with products then bursts | holocrine secretion |
| Type of exocrine secretion in which watery solutions and enzymes are produced, as in parotid salivery glands | Serous glands |
| Type of exocrine secretion in which mucins are produced, as in sublingual salivary and submucosal glands of intestines. | Mucous glands |
| Type of exocrine secretion in which contain more than one type of gland cell and may produce two different exocrine secretions, as in submandibular salivary glands | Mixed exocrine glands |
| Structure of exocrine glands where independent, scattered gland cells produce exocrine secretions | Unicellular glands |
| Structure of exocrine glands where glandular epithelia and aggregations of glands produce exocrine or endocrine secretions | Multicellular glands |
| The only unicellular exocrine glands in the body, which secrete mucins | Goblet cells, or mucous cells |
| Name the 2 places goblet cells are found? | Among the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the trachea, and the columnar epithelium of the intestines |
| The simplest multicellular exocrine gland, in which gland cells form an epithelium that releases secretions into an inner compartment | secretory sheet |
| Where are secretory sheets found? | lining the stomach, or set back from epithelial surface from which secretions travel through ducts to the surface |
| What is the difference between simple and compound ducts? | Simple do not divide, compound divide one or more times |
| Glands whose cells form tubes | tubular, may be straight or coiled |
| Glands whose cells form blind pockets | alveolar (sac), acinar (chamber) |
| Term referring to several secretory areas sharing a duct | Branched |
| Word meaning duct that divides one or more times | compound |
| What is the difference between the terms compound and branched? | Compound is a dividing DUCT. Branched refers to multiple GLANDS being served by one duct. |
| Tissue responsible for connecting epithelial tissue to the rest of the body, as well as forming bone, fat, and blood | connective tissue |
| What are three functions of the connective tissue? | Provide structure, store energy reserves, transport materials through body, protect organs, defend body against microbes, transporting fluids and dissolved materials |
| The extracellular fibers together with ground substance constitute connective tissue's... | matrix |
| Category of connective tissue with many types of cells and extracellular fibers in a syrupy ground substance | Connective tissue proper |
| Give an example of loose connective tissue proper | adipose, aerolar, reticular. Mucous in embryos. |
| Give an example of dense connective tissue proper | tendons, ligaments |
| Category of connective tissue with distinctive cells suspended in watery matrix containing dissolved proteins | Fluid connective tissues |
| What are the two types of fluid connective tissues? | blood and lymph |
| Category of connective tissue with densely packed fibers and less diverse cells | Supporting connective tissues |
| Two types of supporting connective tissue | cartilage (gel with fiber) and bone (calcified with mineral deposits) |
| Only cell always present in connective tissue proper, secrete hyaluronan and proteins, which together with extracellular fluid make ground substance viscous | Fibroblasts |
| Spindle shaped cells that maintain connective tissue fibers of connective tissue proper | Fibrocytes |
| AKA fat cells, contains enormous vacuole or lipid droplet which squeezes organelles and cytoplasm to one side. Found in hypodermos | Adipocytes |
| Stem cells present in many connective tissues, respond to local injury or infection by dividing to produce daughter cells that then differentiate | mesenchymal cells |
| Large amoeboid cells scattered through the matrix, engulfing damaged cells or pathogens. Important in mobilizing defenses by releasing "attack" chemicals | Macrophage |
| Small, mobile connective tissue cells that are common near blood vessels containing histamine and heparin | Mast cells and basophils |
| released after injury or infection, these chemicals stimulate local inflammation | Histamine |
| travel through tissues and increase in numbers whenever tissue damage occurs | lymphocytes |
| Lymphocytes may develop into these cells, which produce antibodies | plasma cells |
| Phagocytic blood cells that move through connective tissues and are attracted to chemicals released by macrophages and mast cells | Microphages |
| Two types of microphage | neutrophil and eosinophil |
| synthesize and store malanin, common in epithelium of skin and eye tissues | Melanocytes |
| Connective tissue fiber that is long, straight, unbranched, flexible, non stretchin. Make up tendons and ligaments | Collagen fibers |
| Connective tissue fiber that is thin, BRANCHING, interwoven, tough and flexible, make up parenchyma of organs that stabilize them | reticular fibers |
| Connective tissue fiber that is branched, wavy, not very strong, very flexible and stretchable and make up ligaments that interconnect vertebrae | Elastic fibers |
| embryonic connective tissue made up of star shaped stem cells separated by a matrix with very fine protein filaments | Mesenchyme |
| Loose connective tissue of embryo and umbilical cord | Mucous connective tissue, or wharton's jelly |
| Type of connective tissue that is considered "packing materials" that fill space, cushion and stabilize cells, and support epithelia | Loose connective tissues |
| Type of connective tissue that's loose, irregular, with open framework. Return to original shape after pressured. Separate skin from deeper structures. Contain capillaries. | Areolar tissue (loose irregular) |
| Connective tissue containing lots of adipocytes | adipose tissues |
| Type of adipose tissue most common in adults | white fat |
| Type of adipose tissue that is highly vascularized and contains numerous mitochondria responsible for warming little bodies | brown fat |
| Loose connective tissue in spleen and liver, produces stroma that supports parenchyma of these organs | reticular tissue |
| Most of dense connective tissues is occupied by fibers, and the most abundant is... | collagen |
| In tendons and ligaments, collagen fibers are parallel to each other, tightly packed, and aligned with the force applied to the tissue. This is an example of... | Dense regular connective tissue |
| A tendinous sheet that attaches a broad, flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones in skull, lower back, abdomen, hands, feet. | aponeurosis |
| Type of connective tissue that forms around bones, cartilage, and organs, is in skin, and is very strong | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| Name for dense irregular connective tissue surrounding organs such as liver, kidneys, spleen, and joint cavities | capsule |
| type of dense regular tissue dominated by elastic fibers that stabilize positions of vertebrae of spinal column | elastic tissue |
| Watery matrix of blood | plasma |
| Cells and cell fragments of blood (red, white, and platelets) | formed elements |
| Where do lymphatic vessels ultimately return lymph? | veins near the heart |
| Matrix of cartilage is a firm gel that contains polysaccharide derivatives or mucopolysaccharides called... | chondroitin sulfates |
| Cartilage cells | chondrocytes |
| small chambers occupied by chondrocytes | lacunae (means lakes) |
| Avascular connective tissue | cartilage |
| Why do blood vessels not grow into cartilage? | Chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis factor, which is being tested as a potential anticancer agent |
| Made up of fibrous dense outer layer and inner cellular layer, this surrounds the chondroitin in cartilage | Perichondrium |
| Cartilage growth method where chondrocytes in cartilage undergo cell division, enlarging cartilage from within. Ends in adolescence | interstitial growth |
| Cartilage growth where new layers are added to the surface, innermost cells differentiate into chondrocytes which produce matrix. Occurs due to damage or GH stimulation | appositional growth |
| Type of cartilage most common in body, surrounded by dense perichondrium found in rib connections, nasal cartilage, articulating joints | Hyaline cartilage |
| Type of cartilage that is extremely resilient and flexible, found in outer ear, epiglottis, auditory tube, cuneiform (larynx) | Elastic cartilage |
| Type of cartilage that has little ground substance, has dense collagen fibers, and is found in pads between vertebrae, between pubic bones, around tendons, and around/within joints like the knee | Fibrocartilage |
| histolotical title for bone | osseous tissue |
| What are the 2 composites of osseous tissue matrix? | (2/3) calcium salts and collagen fibers |
| Lacunae of bone tissue contain... | osteocytes |
| Long slender passageways in bone matrix that allow osteocytes to communicate with blood vessels | canaliculi |
| What covers bone? | hyaline cartilage at joints, periosteum over the rest |
| types of fibers | collagenous, elastic, reticular |
| Avascular tissue | Epithelial and cartilage |
| Most prevalent cell type in connective tissue | fibroblast, which produces collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers |
| What is the difference between a chondroblast and a chondrocyte? | When the chondroblast is completely enclosed in a lacuna, it cannot secrete anymore and becomes a chondrocyte. blast=secrete chondroitin |
| Name the two types of living cells in cartilage and give their role | Fibroblasts (secrete elastic) and chondrocytes (secrete chondroitin) |
| What is different between elastic and hyaline cartilage? | It's got elastic fibers in the chondroitin that make it more flexible |
| What is different between fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage? | fibrocartilage has collagen fibers instead of elastic fibers |
| Where do you find dense, or compact, bone? | in the shaft of long bones |
| What is the function of the osteon? | to make sure the bones get nutrients they need |
| What do osteocytes secrete? | Nothing. They are in a full lacuna. Before, when they had room, they were osteoblasts which secreted Ca salts. |
| What do osteoclasts do? | Break bone down, shape bone |
| Most long bones are derived from... | Cartilagenous structures |
| Where is loose irregular connective tissue found? | hypodermis, fascia around muscles |
| where do you find hyaline cartilage? | articular + costal cartilage, trachea, bronchi |
| types of nonliving matrix in cartilage | Chondroitin, possibly elastin and/or collagen |
| What is the Haversian canal? | The central osteonic canal in the center of an osteon |
| bone cell that is multinucleate because of all the enzymes they have to secrete | osteoclast |
| Where are the branching reticular fibers found? | lymph nodes, spleen |
| Which fiber usually stains black? Purple? | Black: Elastin Purple: Collagen |
| What are the concentric rings around the central canal called? | lamella |
Created by:
jenissing
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