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Ch 12 Endocrine Syst
Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are Endocrine Glands? | Ductless glands that secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| Hormones are also called? | Chemical catalysts |
| What does a chemical catalyst do? | Cause a reaction to occur |
| The balancing act to maintain the body's internal environment within certain narrow ranges is known as? | Homeostasis |
| The pituitary gland is located where? | Base of the brain |
| The pituitary is the size of what? | A pea |
| What are 2 other names for the pituitary gland? | Hypophysis or "master gland" |
| The pituitary is called the "master gland" because? | Its hormones control the functions of many other endocrine glands |
| What structure controls the pituitary? | Hypothalamus |
| Anterior and Posterior lobes are sections of what gland? | Pituitary gland |
| Growth Hormone(GH)is produced in which lobe of the pituitary? | Anterior lobe |
| Which hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary stimulates cell metabolism causing cells to replicate and increase in size? | Growth hormone(GH) |
| Dwarfism is caused by? | Insufficient amounts of Growth hormone |
| What condition is caused by excessive amounts of Growth hormone? | Giantism |
| What is the name of a synthetic Growth hormone? | Humatrope(somatropin) |
| Thyroid Stimulating hormone(TSH)is produced in what area of the pituitary? | Anterior lobe |
| What is the function of TSH? | To stimulate the thyroid to produce its hormones |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone is AKA? | TSH,T7,Thyrotropin |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) is produced where? | Anterior lobe of Pituitary |
| Stimulating the adrenal glands to produce their hormones is the fuction of which pituitary hormone? | Adrenocorticotropic stimulating hormone(ACTH) |
| Melanocyte stimulating hormone(MSH)is produced in which lobe of the pituitary? | Anterior lobe |
| What does MSH do? | Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin |
| What is albinism? | Hereditary disorder characterized by an absence of melanin |
| Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)comes from which structure? | Anterior lobe of pituitary gland |
| The two main functions of FSH are? | Stimulate ovaries to start the maturation process of a follicle(oocyte)into an ovum,Stimulate testes to create spermatozoa |
| Luteinizing hormone(LH)Stimulates which processes? | Ovulation,Production of progesterone to maintain pregnancy,Production of testosterone in males |
| Luteinizing hormone(LH)is produced from? | Anterior lobe of pituitary |
| Lactogenic hormone is AKA? | Prolactin |
| Production of milk(lactation)is stimulated by which pituitary hormone? | Lactogenic hormone |
| Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)is produced in which structure? | Posterior lobe of pituitary gland |
| Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)is AKA? | Vasopressin |
| Antidiuretic hormone directly influences what? | The volume of urine produced |
| Diabetes Insipidus(DI)is caused by? | Insufficient production of ADH |
| A synthetic form of ADH is known as? | Pitressin(vasopressin) |
| Oxytocin(OT)is produced in which portion of the pituitary? | Posterior lobe |
| What purpose does oxytocin serve? | Stimulates the uterus to contract during labor |
| What is Pitocin(Pit drip)? | Synthetic form of oxytocin |
| Which hormone is also known as the binding hormone? | Oxytocin |
| What does Binding refer to? | Male-Female and Mother-Neonate bonding |
| Where is the Thyroid gland located? | On the right and left sides of the trachea just inferior to the larynx |
| Which 3 hormones are produced by the Thyroid? | T4(thyroxine),T3(triiodothyronine),and Calcitonin |
| T3 and T4 are commonly referred to as? | Thyroxine |
| Carbohydrate,protein,and fat metabolism are regulated by which 2 hormones? | T3 and T4 |
| What is metabolism? | The rate at which the body burns energy |
| Hyperthyroidism is AKA? | Grave's Disease |
| Hypothyroidism is AKA? | Myxedema |
| A synthetic thyroxine is called? | Synthroid(levothyroxine) |
| When is calcitonin released by the thyroid? | When the blood calcium levels rise |
| Calcitonin causes the deposit of what 2 elements in the bones? | Calcium(Ca)and Phosphorus(P) |
| Where are the Parathyroid glands located? | Embedded in the posterior surface to the thyroid gland |
| Which structures are the size of raisins? | Parathyroid glands |
| Parathyroid glands secrete what hormone? | Parathyroid hormone(PTH) |
| Parathyroid hormone is AKA? | Parathormone |
| PTH causes osteocytes to release what into the blood? | Stored Calcium(Ca)and Phosphorus(P) |
| PTH is released by the Posterior lobe of the pituitary when? | Serum calcium levels fall |
| What structures are located just superior to the kidneys? | Adrenal Glands |
| The Adrenal glands are AKA? | Suprarenal glands |
| The Adrenal medulla is? | The inner portion of the adrenal glands |
| The Adrenal cortex is? | The outer portion of the adrenal glands |
| Adrenalin(AKA epinephrine)is produced by? | Adrenal medulla |
| Which hormone contributes to the "fight or flight" response? | Adrenalin(epinephrine) |
| What reactions in the body occur during the fight or flight response? | Breakdown of glycogen to glucose,Tachycardia,Tachypnea,Bronchodilation,Hypertension,Pallor |
| What two hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex? | Aldosterone and Cortisol(Hydrocortisone) |
| Aldosterone and Cortisol are AKA? | Steroids(Corticosteroids) |
| Synthetic versions of testosterone used by athletes are called? | Anabolic steroids |
| Anabolic steroid use are associated with what conditions? | Aggressiveness(roid rage),Liver cancer,a Sudden death(MI,CVA) |
| Electrolyte balance is regulated by what hormone? | Aldosterone |
| Sodium(Na),Potassium(K),Chloride(Cl),Calcium(Ca),and Phosphorus(P)are all? | Electrolytes(salts) |
| What are the three actions of cortisol? | Maintain proper glucose concentration in the blood between meals,Helps reduce the inflammatory response,Aids the body with stressful situations |
| Cushing's Disease is caused by? | Hypersecretion of cortisol |
| Addison's Disease is a result of? | Hyposecretion of cortisol |
| What is cortisone? | A synthetic cortisol |
| Where is the pancreas located? | Posterior to the stomach(retrogastric) |
| The purpose of the pancreas includes production of? | Insulin and glucagon |
| Insulin is secreted when? | Blood sugar rises after eating a meal |
| Insulin allows the glucose(BS) to? | Enter the cells |
| Blood sugar(BS)will fall when what happens? | Glucose enters the cells |
| What does it mean when the pancreas secretes glucagon? | Blood sugar has fallen too low |
| When BS falls to low, Glucagon will stimulate the liver to do what? | Convert glycogen to glucose, causing BS to rise. |
| A normal blood sugar range is considered? | 70-130mg/dL before meals,Less than 180mg/dL 2hrs after meals |
| Diabetes Mellitus(DM)is? | Hyposecretion of insulin and/or the difficult utilization of glucose(insulin resistance)by the cells |
| A synthetic insulin is called? | Humulin(insulin) |
| What are oral hypoglycemics(antidiabetics)? | Medications designed to stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin or aid the cells in glucose utilization |
| Risk factors for DM include? | Heredity,Obesity,Overconsumption of refined sugars,Overconsumption of food,Sedentary lifestyle,Gestational Diabetes,African American,Native American,Hispanic,Asian American,Chronic Hypertension |
| What are the 3 terms used to describe Diabetes mellitus that develops in children? | Juvenile onset diabetes mellitus,Insulin Dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM),Type1 diabetes mellitus |
| Type 1 is the most serious form of DM and requires what control methods? | Daily injections of insulin,Strict diet control,Regimented exercise |
| Maturity onset DM,Non-insulin dependent DM(NIDDM),and Type2 DM are all terms used to describe? | Diabetes mellitus(DM)that develops in adulthood |
| Type2 DM is less severe and can often be controlled by? | Proper diet alone, or Proper diet and Oral hypoglycemics |
| What is the function of oral hypoglycemics? | Stimulate the pancreas to secrete more insulin and/or allows the cells to utilize glucose(BS) more efficiently |
| What are the signs and symptoms of DM? | Polyuria,polydipsia,glycosuria,ketonuria,wt loss,fatigue,poor/delayed wound healing |
| Complications of DM include? | Atherosclerosis leading to MI,CVA,or occlusion of a leg artery resulting in gangrene;Diabetic Retinopathy(DR)which can result in blindness;Neuropathy causing pain,tingling,loss of feeling,and paralysis;kidney failure,Impotence(ED) |
| Treatment for DM includes? | Strict diet based on proper portions of carbs,fats,proteins;Correct insulin dosage;Regular exercise |
| Diet,insulin,or exercise can't be altered without creating? | Insulin excess or deficiency |
| Diabetic coma can result when a diabetic does what? | Fails to take enough insulin,Increases caloric intake,Decreases exercise |
| Deep labored breathing,Dry skin and mouth,Fruity smell to breath,Lethargy,Loss of consciousness(LOC)and coma are all s/s of what? | Diabetic coma |
| Diabetic coma is treated with? | Insulin administration and hydration |
| Insulin shock results when a diabetic does what? | Administers too much insulin,Doesn't eat enough food,Exercises regularly |
| S/S of Insulin shock includes? | Shallow breathing,Diaphoresis,Syncope,Loss of Consciousness(LOC) |
| How is Insulin shock treated? | Administration of sugar in any form |
| What are "brittle diabetics"? | Diabetics that have difficulty controlling their blood sugar |
| Other risk factors for DM are? | Highly irregular menses,>40 days between cycles,Waist size >40 for males and >35 for women |
| Some studies indicate that type 2 DM can double the risk of? | Alzheimer's disease |
| GTT | Glucose Tolerance Test |
| PPBS | Postprandial Blood Sugar |
| FBS | Fasting Blood Sugar |
| A1c(HbA1c) | Provides average of you BS control over a 6-12 week period |
| 4%-6% | A1c normal range |
| Fructosamine test | Measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks |
| PBI | Protein Bound Iodine(Thyroid blood test) |
| RAIU | Radioactive Iodine Uptake test(Thyroid) |
Created by:
Crazymommaof2
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