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MTEL Tech and Eng
MTEL Tech and Eng Study Guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| CTE | stands for career and technical education advisory committee. They determine and recommend curriculum that will prepare students to pass the state assessment and earn a Certificate of Academic achievement or CAA |
| Tech Prep | A high school program that provides students with technical training, applied academics, and assistance in finding internships and guidance. |
| Workflow | An abstraction of work that is performed by a single person or group of people. |
| Karl Benz | inventor of the gasoline powered car in 1885 |
| Wilbur and Orville Wright | developed the airplane in 1903 |
| Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce | developed the integrated circuit in 1958 |
| Robert E. Kahn and Vince Cerf | developed the TCP/IP protocol which gave rise to the internet in 1983 |
| Biotechnology | the technological application of biology in medicine, agriculture, biological engineering, bioremediation and biodegredation, cloning, and the Human Genome Project |
| Bernoulli's principle | states that when the speed of an inviscid flow increases, the pressure of the flow will decrease |
| Aerodynamics | The study of the properties of moving air, and esp. of the interaction between the air and solid bodies moving through it. |
| Petrochemicals (chemical engineering) | includes ethylene, propylene, benzene, and styrene |
| Agrochemicals (chemical engineering) | includes fertilizers, insecticides, and herbicides |
| Polymers (chemical engineering) | includes polyester, polyethylene, and Bakelite |
| Fragrances (chemical engineering) | includes vanillin and coumarin |
| Inorganic industrial compounds(chemical engineering) | includes ammonia, nitric acid, sodium hydroxid, and sulfuric acid |
| Organic industrial compounds (chemical engineering) | includes phenol, urea, and ethylene oxide |
| Ceramics (chemical engineering) | includes silica bricks and frit |
| Explosives (chemical engineering) | includes ammonium nitrate, nitrocellulose, and nitroglycerine |
| Oleochemicals (chemical engineering) | includes lard and soybean oil |
| Elastomers (chemical engineering) | includes polyisoprene, neoprene, and polyurethane |
| Engineering Design Process (steps) | includes 1 Research 2 Conceptualization 3 Feasibility assessment 4 Establishing the design requirements 5 Preliminary design 6 Detailed design 7 Production planning and tool design 8 Production |
| Technology system | a man made system that combines materials, devices, energy, structures and information to solve problems and create products |
| Feedback | occurs when output produced by a particular event or behavior influences a recurrence of the same event or behavior in the future |
| Criteria | parameters of a system design. The manner in which it should function |
| Constraints | are the limits on the system (includes human capabilities, space, materials, time, and cost |
| Optomization | is a process through which designers and engineers attempt to make a product or system as efficient and functional as possible |
| Tradeoff | occurs when on e characteristic is lost in exchange for another characteristics with a different sent of strengths and weaknesses |
| ISO 9000 | is a set of rigorous international quality standards that are applicable to numerous types of standards |
| Ergonomics | is a method of creating equipment and devices in such as ways as to place the least amount of stress on the human body and its mental faculties. |
| ADA | Americans with Disabilities Act. ADA creates and publishes construction standards intended to help provide disabled persons with better access to buildings. |
| Troubleshooting | Diagnose and resolution phases make up troubleshooting |
| Manufacturability | determines the easy at which a product can be manufactured |
| Invention | the process by which new technologies are developed |
| Physical model | three dimensional copies that can be smaller or larger than the product they represent |
| Scale model | a special type of physical model where the size is exactly proportional to the original item |
| Prototype | scale models that are the same size as the products represent. |
| MSDS | Material Safety Data Sheet. Explains the properties of a substance and provides a means of cataloging substances according to their effects and risk. |
| OSHA | Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Federal regulatory agency that enforces workplace safety and health standards. |
| Safety Assessment | a method of quantifying and understanding the hazards and risks associated with certain products and materials, such as hazardous chemicals |
| Flowcharts | illustrate the steps within various algorithm or process |
| Graph | is a visual representation that conveys complex information or concepts in a quickly and easily understandable way |
| Potential energy | the stored capacity for work in a physical body |
| Joule | the SI unit of energy |
| Kinetic energy w/ equation | energy of a moving object KE = 1/2mv2 |
| work | the energy required to exert a given force over a given distance. Measured in joules or N(m) |
| Power | the measure of the amount of work performed in a certain interval or work divided by time |
| Watt | the unit of power in joules per second |
| Work-energy theorem | as work increased the kinetic energy increases. The amount of work performed equals the change in kinetic energy or work = delta KE |
| Thermal energy | is the degree of motion of the atoms and molecules that make up a substance. Also referred to as heat |
| Law of Conservation of Energy | energy can not be created nor destroyed but can only be converted or transferred. |
| Efficiency | the degree to which a device uses the input energy to accomplish its intended task. Input minus output times 100. |
| Coulumb's Law | describes the force relationship between 2 charged particles. f = k(q1xq2)/d2 |
| Electrical Current | the flow of electrons |
| Amperes | the measurement of electrical current. 1 ampere is equal to the rate of the flow of one coulomb of charge per second |
| Direct current | current where electrons flow only in one direction like in a battery system |
| Alternating current | current where the electrons flow in one direction and then in the other. Electrons go back and forth and never really move |
| Voltage | the measurement of pressure of electrical difference due to a difference in charge. voltage = potential energy/charge |
| Electrical resistance | a material's opposition to the flow of electric current |
| Ohms | The SI unit of electrical resistance, expressing the resistance in a circuit transmitting a current of one ampere when subjected to a potential difference of one volt |
| Ohm's Law | States that, in a given electrical circuit, the amount at current in amps is equal to the pressure in volts divided by the resistance in ohms. The formula is: I (Current) = V voltage or V = I x R R resistance or R = V/I. |
| Electric power | The amount of work a given current can do in an interval. It is measured in watts. Watts = volts(amps) |
| Series circuit | when components in a circuit are arranged one after the other in the same circuit. |
| Parallel circuit | a circuit in which an electric current has two or more paths to follow |
| Terminal (electrical component) | the point in a circuit where the current is either initiated or broken (ex. a battery has two terminals) |
| Resistor (electrical component) | controls the level of current in a circuit by providing resistance. Most work by converting current into heat |
| Diode (electrical component) | restricts the flow of current in only one direction; used to convert alternating current to direct current and to amplify the current in one direction. Composed of the anode and the cathode |
| Amplifier (electrical component) | any device, such as a transistor or an electron tube, that increases the amplitude of an electrical circuit |
| Capacitor (electrical component) | aka condenser; stores electrical charge temporarily; typically composed of two metal plates separated by a thin insulator; used for controlling and moderating current |
| Transducer (electrical component) | converts energy into a different form; like a microphone converts sound energy into electrical energy |
| Detector (electrical component) | identifies and possibly responds to a certain electrical signal |
| Transistor (electrical component) | can function in a circuit as a detector, switch or amplifier |
| Transformer (electrical component) | shifts electric energy from one circuit to another, often with a change of current of voltage |
| Switch (electrical component) | alternately completes, diverts, or breaks a circuit |
| Relay (electrical component) | a type of switch that, when activated by a small current, initiates a larger current; when the smaller current reaches the relay a gate closes, thus completing the circuit for the larger current; relays are used in televisions and telephone transmission |
| Internal combustion motor | converts chemical energy into mechanical energy by burning. It is internal when the burning takes place inside a small cylinder |
| Electric motor | converts magnetic force into kinetic energy |
| Cam | a rotating disk shaped to convert circular into linear motion |
| Gear | interlocking toothed wheels, one of which is connected to a shaft; when the shaft is twisted the drive wheel spins in one direction and causes the other wheel to be spun in the opposite direction. |
| Linkages | a system of connected bars held together by springs or hinges, the piston, rod, and crankshaft in a car engine comprise a four linkage bar |
| Pneumatic system | a system which operates with the aid of compressed air |
| Hydraulic system | a system that operates with the aid of pressurized liquids. They are known for efficiency and their ability to generated more force than pneumatics |
| Pulley | a simple machine composed of at least one wheel with a rope extending around the rim |
| Transmission (simple machines) | the component of a machine that directs the energy created to the intended task |
| Civil engineering | is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings. ... |
| Building inspector | An authorised person who is responsible for checking buildings in the course of construction and completed buildings to ensure that they have been constructed in accordance with building control provisions. |
| Safety specialist | maintain safe environments within construction areas |
| Site manager | ensures that a building project does not exceed budget or time schedule |
| Contractor | supervise the entire construction process including construction of work spaces, homes, and schools |
| Light construciton | describes light frame construction which is limited to floor and ceiling joists, rafters, and wood stud walls. |
| Heavy construction | applies to any construction that uses cranes, excavators or large machinery |
| Industrial construction | applies to the construction of factories, manufacturing facilities, power plants and processing plants |
| Clean Air Act | regulates the admissions of six pollutants including carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. In 1990 189 addition air pollutants were added |
| Clean Water Act | CWA; regulates the quality and pollution of all navigable waters |
| Wilderness Act | establishes national wilderness preservation system that forbids any road construction, settlements or mechanized transportation in its boundaries |
| Resource Conservation and Recovery Act | RCRA; regulates industrial waste and the manner in which it is generated stored, treated, transported and disposed of |
| Endangered Species Act | protects threatened or endangered species on public and private land |
| Euclidean zoning | characterized by the segregation of land uses into specified geographic districts and dimensional standards stipulating limitations on development activity within each type of district. |
| Cumulative zoning | allows a single land use district to combine less intensive land uses, such as residential, with light industrial uses. Heavy industrial must remain by themselves |
| Exclusive/non-cumulative zoning | the dominant zoning method which forbids a land use district from incorporating any developments which do not no conform to its dedicated use |
| Transect zoning | divides the development area into six zones including wilderness area, and each other zone gets more urban. It encourages mixed use zoning. |
| Overlay zoning | superimposes a noew zone on top of an existing land use zone and imposes different requirements and standards |
| Floating zones | unmapped zoning districts that enable municipalities to promote certain land uses without reserving an areas for a specific use. |
| Cluster zoning | imposes strict density standards in setting lot size and setback. They have high populated areas surrounded by low density areas |
| Rezoning | is the act of changing zoning classifications of a land use district |
| Upzoning | a type of rezoning which higher density developmenmts are allowed within a land use district |
| Downzoning | reducing the intensity of a development areas |
| Variances | allow land uses within particular district that are otherwise forbidden under existing zoning ordinances. |
| Extraterritorial jurisdiction | ETJ; is the power of the municipality to enforce zoning ordinances outside its jurisdiction |
| Arch | is a structure that supports weight atop an open space, such as athe top of a window. It is normally semicircular in shape but can have a flat or pointed shape. They remove tensile strength as compressive load |
| Cantilever | is a projecting structure that receives support at only one end and carries a load at the other end. |
| Suspension | is a structure that consists of cables supporting a horizontal beam, such as a suspension bridge |
| Truss | is a triangular structure formed by straight beams. A node is formed where the beams connect |
| Manufacturing engineers | improve and streamline the production process by designing manufacturing equiptment and systems and finding ways to lower costs and increase profitability |
| Automation technician | are responsible for creating, installing, and repairing automated systems and equipment |
| Industrial engineer | create designs and improve existing models for a variety of manufactured products, especially commercial, medical and industrial goods |
| Quality control engineer | improve the quality of manufactured products |
| Production engineer | help design manufactured products by doing market research and collaborating with industry |
| Product safety technicians | test products to ensure compliance with safety regulations |
| Manufacturing technician | repair production equiptment and facilitate proper equiptment fuctionality |
| Just-in-time manufacturing | is lean manufacturing technique. It lowers cost and increases profit by reducign or eliminating excess inventory. Inventory is made for specific orders |
| Continuous flow manufacturing | CFM is a lean manufacturing technique. It holds that manufacturing process should produce only one peice of material at a time and at a rate determine by customer needs |
| Takt time | is a part of lean manufacturing specifically CFM. Takt time = available production time / rate of customer demand. It is a pace needed to meet production |
| Intermittent manufacturing | produces only goods necessary to fulfill costomers orders and not keep them in stock. |
| Custom manufacturing | produces foods for a specific person or purpose |
| Automated manufacturing | relies on automated machines and equiptment to create products |
| Kaizen | is a Japanese word meaning continuous improvement. It involves improving quality |
| Enterprise resource planning | ERP integrates all business functions and manages the flow of information between those function and people within the organizations and between organizations and stakeholders. It often relies on specialized software. |
| 5S programs | are structured around five basic principles of sortm straighten, scrub, systematize, and sustain. It helps eleminate waste |
| Total productive maintainance | TPM, increases equipment effectiveness by implementing coordinated group activities and involving all operators in machin inspections and routine maintenance and repair |
| Simple Minute Exchange of Die | SMED, increases production efficiency by drastically reducing setup change times during shift changes |
| Supply chain management | oversees the entire production process, including raw materials acquisition, inventory maintenance, manufacturing of goods and delivery |
| Labeling requirements | are imposed by the FDA, FTC and DOA to educate consumers on the contents of the product before purchasing |
| Trade secret | is a formula, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, or compilation of information which is not generally known or reasonably ascertainable, by which a business can obtain an economic advantage over competitors or customers |
| Patent | a government authority to an individual or organization conferring a right or title, esp. the sole right to make, use, or sell some invention |
| Copyright | is a set of exclusive rights granted to the author or creator of an original work, including the right to copy, distribute and adapt the work. |
| Trademark | a formally registered symbol identifying the manufacturer or distributor of a product |
| Finishing | involves changing or coating the surface of a material in order to protect or beautify it |
| Hardening | increases the hardness of a metal by heating and then rapidly cooling it |
| Annealing | softens a metal by heating and then soly cooling it. It increases the ductility of the metal and decreases its brittleness. |
| Tempering | is a heat treatment that increases the metals toughness |
| Normalizing | is a heat treatment that returns metal to its near equalibrium state of strength and toughness. |
| Rapid prototyping | is the automatic (using CAM) construction of physical objects using additive manufacturing technology. The first techniques for rapid prototyping became available in the late 1980s and were used to produce models and prototype parts |
| Rapid manufacturing | aka direct digital manufacturing involves producing parts based on information in CAD |
| Casting | An object made by pouring molten metal or other material into a mold |
| Forming | involves shaping a material using a die or external force |
| Seperating | involves removing excess material from an object in order to create size and shape |
| Conditioning | involves applying heat, pressure, or chemical reactions in order to change the property of a material |
| Assembling | involves fastening, bonding or joining pieces together either temporarily or permenantly |
| Software developer | aka analyst developer or programmers, they examine the requirements for new or modified computer applications and translates them into program specifications |
| Business systems analyst | aka business systems planner or solutions architect, identifies the business and information needs within an organization and enhances productivity and efficiency through IT solutions |
| Database programmer | is responsible for database design, implementation, maintenance, and security |
| Informaiton systems analyst | determines whether or not the computer system is fulfilling the organization's needs in the most efficient manner |
| Chief Information Officer | CIO, leads an organization's IT group |
| Computer Engineer | designs, installs, and performs maintenance on computers and computer equipment |
| Web developer | creates, tests, and maintains web pages and links |
| Telecommunications | describes the act of communication by transmitting information over long distances including radio, telephones, email, IM and video conderencing |
| Network node | is any computer linked to the netweork |
| Network interface cards | enable computers to connect over a network |
| Repeater | enable signals to travel farther in the network without degradation and receives signals and cleans and regenerates them |
| Bridges | first read the destination address of a signal and then only forward it to the other network if the signal is intended for a computer on the opposite side |
| Switches | are similar to bridges but are capable of connecting more than to bus networks |
| Ericcson | is a Swedish corporation that provides telecommunications and data communication systems. It is the larges mobile telecommunications distributor in the world |
| Cisco Systems | is an American corporation that designs and markets voice communications technology, networking tech, communication services, and consumer electronics |
| Huawei | is the larges supplier of networking and telecommunications equipment in China and the second largest in the world behind Ericcson |
| ZTE | designs and manufactures telecommunications equipment and systems |
| Avaya | is a private companies that supplies enterprise network, telephony, and call center tech |
| NEC | is a Japanese corporation that sells IT and networking solutions |
| Verizon Wireless | is the largest US provider of wireless phone service |
| AT&T mobile | is the second largest wireless provider in the US |
| China Mobile | is a Chinese, state owned, telecommunications company and the largest telecommunications and mobile provider in the world |
| Vodafone | is a British telecommunications company and the second larges in term of subscribers and the largest in terms of revenue |
| America Movil | is a Mexican telecommunications company and the fourth largest mobile provider in the world |
| Server | is a computer program which serves the needs of other computer programs. EX. file server, database server, and print server |
| Port | can either be a physical interface between two computing devices(hardware) or a virtual connection between two computer programs (software) |
| RAM | stands for random-access memory and is part of the hard disk into which the computer can both read and write information |
| ROM | stands for read only memory and usually refers to the data stored on the computers motherboard that cannot be overwritten |
| Router | allows multiple networks to be linked across the internet |
| Network topology | is the arrangement of nodes within the network |
| LAN | stands for local area network and covers a local area such as the inside of a home or private business. WiFi can be a LAN |
| MAN | stands for metropolitan area network and connects multiple LANs |
| WAN | stands for wide area network and covers a wide outdoor area and usually serves to connect office buildings or provide public internet access. |
| PAN | includes WiFi networks, fixed wireless data networks and other small area networks. Bluetooth is a type of PAN technology |
| BIOS | stands for basic input/output and is a chip that is build directly into a computer. It is known as the boot firmware because it is the first program to run when a computer is turned on. The main function is to turn on the operating system |
| CPU | stands for central processing unit and manipulates the data in the computer |
| Arithmetic/logic unit | part of the CPU which carries out operations like addition and subtraction on data |
| Control unit | part of the CPU which manages machine activities |
| Register unit | part of the CPU which consists of registers, which are data storage cells that provide temporary information storage within the CPU |
| Expansion cards | enhance the functionality of a computer system like increased memories, or enhanced sound or graphics |
| Peripheral device | is any electronic device that is external to the computer and attached to it in some way |
| General-purpose registers | temporarily store data that the CPU is currently using . |
| Special-purpose registers | help execute programs and come in two basic types 1) instruction registers and 2) program counters |
| JPEG | stands for joint photographic experts group, provides digital storage of pictures |
| TIFF | stands for tagged image file format and provides digital storage for scanned images |
| GIF | stands for graphics interchange format and compresses graphs and graphic files and stores them digitally |
| MPEG | stands for moving picture exert group and compresses digital videos and animations and stores them digitally |
| DVI | stands for digital video interactive and is a type of interactive video system which is capable of processing images, text, audio and video |
| Texture | is the perception of a surfaces quality like smooth, rough or satiny |
| Value | aka tone. uses light and dark contrasts to create depth and perception within an image |
| Form | is an object with three measurable dimensions of height, width, and depth |
| Sketching | is a freehand drawing that only gives an idea of the finished product |
| Drawing | is made by an instrument or manually and usually involves instruments of measurement |
| Vector graphics editor | software that can create and edit simple geometric forms |
| CAD | computer-aided design uses computers to draw in 2 dimensions or 3 dimensiosn |
| Multiview drawing | involves orthographic projects |
| Exploded view drawing | displays the relationships between various components of a product as well as the order in which they should be assembled |
| Radio waves | have long wavelengths, ranging from a few centimetres to many thousands of kilometres in length. They are used among other things for television, cell phone and radio communications. |
| Microwaves | An electromagnetic waves are shorter than that of a normal radio wave but longer than those of infrared radiation. Microwaves are used in radar, in communications, and for heating in microwave ovens and in various industrial processes |
| Terahetz radiation | is generally shorter than microwave radiation and longer than infrared radiation. It is used in high altitude telecommunications between satellites and airplanes. |
| Infrared radiation | is generally longer than terahertz radiation. It is used for sending remote control signals, free space optical communications, optical fiber communications and short distance communications between computer peripherals |
| Visible light spectrum | is directly above infrared radiation and is the spectrum the human eye can see. Optical fiber uses visible light to convey sound and image information |
| Untraviolet spectrum | is shorter than the visible spectrum and is used for security marks and optical storage of information |
| Orthographic projection | displays the object along all sides by having the parallel projection lines intersect the viewing plane at 90 degrees |
| Isometric projection | foreshortens all three aces equally around an object. When drawn on a paper each axis line will be drawn at 120 degrees from other axis lines. |
| Oblique projection | is created by taking the parallel projection line and having them intersect the viewing plane at angels other than 90 degrees. Usually lines of depth are drawn at 45 degree angels. |
| Tolerances | express the limits on particular characteristics such as physical dimensions, measured value of a service or product, measured value of surrounding space and physical distance between components |
| Scale | is the ratio at which the object in the drawing corresponds to the product in real life |
| Database management system | DBMS, is a group of software applications that manage information within a database |
| Search engine | is a software application that provides links to Web sites based upon information given by the user |
| Metasearch engine | inputs the word or phrase provided by the user into multiple search engines |
| Video production | is the process of recording, editing, and distributing a video |
| Computer animation | is the process of digitally creating animated images |
| Digital imaging | is the process of creating digital graphics and images |
| Audio mixing | is the process of combining multiple recorded sounds intro one or more channels |
| Web developing | is the process of designing a website and includes a variety of tasks and functions |
| Buoyancy | is a force that causes objects to float in a fluid |
| Gravitational Acceleration | is a downward force exerted on an object by gravity |
| Momentum | equals an objects mass multiplied by its velocity, p=m(v), |
| Inertia | is an objects innate resistance to changes in its state of motion or rest. Newtons first law |
| Weight | is a force that gravity applies on an opbject |
| Energy storage | is the process of using devices or media to store energy for use at a later time |
| Guidance | is the process of controlling the movement, speed, and navigation of craft. |
| Dispatch | is a vehicle assignment procedure used by companies that operate fleets of vehicles |
| Vehicle Tracking | is a system capable of determining the location, speed and direction of a fleet vehicle via GPS |
| Thrust | is a reaction force that occurs when mass expelled or accelerated in one direction causes a proportional force in the opposite direction |
| Drag | is a force created by a fluid passing over an object. |
| Lift | is a surface force created by fluid passing over an object. |
| Fleet management | seeks to decrease the risks, improve the productivity and lower the operating costs of a company's fleet of vehicles |
| Routing (vehicle) | involves selecting paths and roadways a group of vehicles will use to reach their desitnation |
| Transmission (gears) | aka gearbox, uses gear ratios to convert between speed and torque |
| Piston | converts pressure into rotational force |
| Crankshaft | converts linear motion of the pistons into rotational motion that passes through the transmission and eventually turns the wheel |
| Belt and Pulley System | consists of multiple pulleys connected to belts used for transmitting torque |
| Fiber optics | The use of thin flexible fibers of glass or other transparent solids to transmit light signals, chiefly for telecommunications or for internal examination of the bod |
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