click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Ch 12
Endocrine System
Question | Answer |
---|---|
The endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete their hormones directly into the | bloodstream |
Hormones are chemical | catalysts |
A chemical catalyst causes a | reaction to occur |
Hormones help maintain the body’s internal environment within certain narrow ranges. This balancing act is called | homeostasis |
The pituitary gland is located at the | base of the brain |
The pituitary is the size of a | pea |
The pituitary gland is AKA | hypophysis or “master gland. |
It is called the “master gland” because | its hormones control the functions of many other endocrine glands. |
Even though the pituitary is called the “master gland” it is controlled by the | hypothalamus |
The pituitary gland is divided into two sections called the | anterior and posterior lobes |
Significant amounts of GH is secreted until age | 20 |
. GH which stands for | growth hormone |
GH stimulates cell metabolism causing | cells to divide (replicate) and increase in size. |
Insufficient amounts of GH can cause | dwarfism |
A synthetic GH is called | Humatrope (somatropin |
Excessive amounts of GH can cause | giantism |
TSH (T7) which stands for | thyroid stimulating hormone and is AKA thyrotropin. |
TSH stimulates the | thyroid to produce its hormones |
ACTH which stands for | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
ACTH stimulates the | adrenal glands to produce their hormones. |
. MSH which stands for | melanocyte stimulation hormone |
MSH stimulates the melanocytes to produce | melanin (skin pigment |
A hereditary disorder characterized by an absence of melanin is called | albinism |
FSH which stands for | follicle stimulating hormone |
FSH stimulates the | Ovaries to start the maturation process of a follicle (oocyte) into an ovum. |
FSH stimulates the | . Testes to create spermatozoa (spermatogenesis |
LH which stands for | luteinizing hormone |
LH stimulates | . Ovulation |
LH stimulates | The production of progesterone to maintain pregnancy |
LH stimulates | Production of testosterone in males. |
Lactogenic hormone AKA | prolactin |
Lactogenic hormone stimulates the production of | milk (lactation |
. ADH which stands for | antidiuretic hormone |
antidiuretic hormone AKA | vasopressin |
ADH influences the volume of | urine produced |
Insufficient production of ADH is called | Diabetes Insipidus (DI |
A synthetic ADH is called | Pitressin (vasopressin |
OT which stands for | oxytocin |
OT stimulates the | uterus to contract during labor |
A synthetic oxytocin is called | Pitocin (“Pit drip”). |
Oxytocin is also known as the | binding hormone |
Binding refers to | male-female and mother-neonate bonding. |
The thyroid gland is located on the right and left sides of the | trachea just inferior to the larynx |
The thyroid produces the following hormones: | . T4 also known as thyroxine. |
The thyroid produces the following hormones: | . T3 also known as triiodothyronine |
The thyroid produces the following hormones: | Calcitonin. |
T3 and T4 are both commonly referred to as | thyroxine |
T3 and T4 are responsible for the regulation of | carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. |
Metabolism refers to the rate at which the body | utilizes (burns) energy |
Hyperthyroidism is called | Grave’s disease |
Hypothyroidism is called | myxedema |
A synthetic thyroxine is called | Synthroid (levothyroxine |
Calcitonin is released when the | blood calcium levels rise |
Calcitonin causes the deposit of | calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in the bones. |
The parathyroid glands are located | embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. |
The parathyroid glands are the size of | raisins |
parathyroid hormone (PTH) AKA | parathormone. |
PTH causes osteocytes to | release stored calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) into the blood. |
Release of PTH will occur when | serum Ca levels fall |
The adrenal glands are located just superior to the | kidneys |
The adrenal glands are AKA | suprarenal glands |
The inner portion of the adrenal glands is called the | adrenal medulla |
The outer portion of the adrenal glands is called the | adrenal cortex |
The adrenal medulla produces | Adrenalin |
Adrenalin AKA | epinephrine |
Adrenalin (epinephrine) contributes to the | “fight or flight” response |
“fight or flight” response includes | The breakdown of glycogen to glucose. |
“fight or flight” response includes | Tachycardia |
“fight or flight” response includes | Tachypnea |
“fight or flight” response includes | Bronchodilation. |
“fight or flight” response includes | Hypertension |
“fight or flight” response includes | Pallor |
The adrenal cortex produces | Aldosterone |
The adrenal cortex produces | Cortisol (hydrocortisone |
These hormones are AKA | steroids (corticosteroids |
Anabolic steroids, the type used by athletes, are synthetic versions of | testosterone |
Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes: | Sudden death (MI, CVA). |
Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes: | Liver cancer |
Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes: | Aggressiveness (“roid rage”). |
Aldosterone regulates the balance of | electrolytes (“lytes”). |
The electrolytes (salts) include | Sodium (Na). |
The electrolytes (salts) include | Potassium (K) |
The electrolytes (salts) include | Chloride (Cl). |
The electrolytes (salts) include | Calcium (Ca). |
The electrolytes (salts) include | Phosphorus (P |
The actions of cortisol (hydrocortisone) include: | . Maintain proper glucose concentration in the blood between meals. |
The actions of cortisol (hydrocortisone) include: | Helps reduce the inflammatory response. |
The actions of cortisol (hydrocortisone) include: | Aids the body with stressful situations |
Hypersecretion of cortisol is called | Cushing’s disease |
Hyposecretion of cortisol is called | Addison’s disease |
A synthetic cortisol is called | cortisone |
The pancreas is located posterior to the | stomach (retrogastric). |
The purpose of the pancreas includes the production of | insulin and glucagon |
Insulin is secreted when the | blood sugar (BS) rises after eating a meal. |
The insulin allows the glucose (BS) to | enter the cells. |
When the glucose enters the cells the blood sugar (BS) level will | fall |
When the blood sugar (BS) falls too low the pancreas will secrete | glucagon |
Glucagon will stimulate the | liver to convert glycogen to glucose |
This action will cause the glucose (BS) to | rise |
A normal blood sugar (BS) is: | 70 - 130 mg/dL before meals (a.c.) |
A normal blood sugar (BS) is: | Less than 180 mg/dL 2 hours after meals (p.c.). |
Hyposecretion of insulin and/or the difficult utilization of glucose (insulin resistance) by the cells is called | diabetes mellitus (DM). |
A synthetic insulin is called | Humulin (insulin). |
Medications designed to stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin or aid the cells in glucose (BS) utilization are called | oral hypoglycemics (antidiabetics). |
Risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Heredity |
Risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Obesity |
Risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Over consumption of refined sugars |
Risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Over consumption of food |
Risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Sedentary lifestyle (little or no regular exercise). |
Risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Gestational (pregnancy) diabetes mellitus (DM). |
Risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | African American, Native American, Hispanic, Asian American |
Risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Chronic hypertension (HTN). |
Diabetes mellitus that develops in children is called | juvenile onset diabetes mellitus (DM |
Diabetes mellitus that develops in children is called | insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) |
Diabetes mellitus that develops in children is called | type I diabetes mellitus (DM). |
Type I diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most serious form of diabetes mellitus (DM) and requires | Daily injections of insulin. |
Type I diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most serious form of diabetes mellitus (DM) and requires | Strict diet control |
Type I diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most serious form of diabetes mellitus (DM) and requires | Regimented exercise |
Diabetes mellitus (DM) that develops in adulthood is called | maturity onset diabetes mellitus (DM |
Diabetes mellitus (DM) that develops in adulthood is called | non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) |
Diabetes mellitus (DM) that develops in adulthood is called | type II diabetes mellitus (DM). |
This type of diabetes mellitus (DM) is less severe and can often be controlled by | proper diet alone |
This type of diabetes mellitus (DM) is less severe and can often be controlled by | proper diet and oral hypoglycemics (antidiabetics) such as Diabenese or Glucophage. |
Oral hypoglycemics (antidiabetics) stimulate the pancreas to | secrete more insulin and/or allows the cells to utilize glucose (BS) more efficiently. |
Signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Polyuria (excessive urination |
Signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | . Glycosuria (sugar in the urine |
Signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Polydipsia (excessive thirst |
Signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | . Ketonuria (ketones in the urine). |
Signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Weight loss |
Signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | . Fatigue |
Signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Poor wound healing |
Complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Atherosclerosis leading to myocardial infarction (MI), cerebral vascular accident (CVA) or occlusion of a leg artery resulting in gangrene |
Complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Diabetic retinopathy (DR) which can result in blindness |
Complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | . Neuropathy causing pain, tingling, loss of feeling, and paralysis |
Complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | . Kidney failure |
Complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) include: | Impotence AKA erectile dysfunction (ED |
Treatment for diabetes mellitus (DM) includes: | Strict diet based on number of calories per day divided into proper portions of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. |
Treatment for diabetes mellitus (DM) includes: | Correct dosages of insulin based on self-blood glucose monitoring (SBGM |
Treatment for diabetes mellitus (DM) includes: | Regular exercise because diet intake and insulin (Humulin) dosage are based on the metabolic needs of the individual. |
Diet, insulin, or exercise cannot be altered without creating an | insulin excess or deficiency |
Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic: | Fails to take enough insulin |
Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic: | Increases caloric intake |
Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic: | Decreases exercise |
Signs and symptoms of diabetic coma include: | Deep labored breathing |
Signs and symptoms of diabetic coma include: | Dry skin and mouth |
Signs and symptoms of diabetic coma include: | Fruity smell to breath |
Signs and symptoms of diabetic coma include: | Lethargy (mental sluggishness |
Signs and symptoms of diabetic coma include: | Loss of consciousness (LOC) and coma. |
Treatment of diabetic coma includes | administration of insulin and hydration. |
Insulin shock (deficient BS) results when a diabetic: | Administers too much insulin |
Insulin shock (deficient BS) results when a diabetic: | Does not eat enough food |
Insulin shock (deficient BS) results when a diabetic: | Exercises excessively |
Signs and symptoms of insulin shock include: | Shallow breathing |
Signs and symptoms of insulin shock include: | . Diaphoresis (profuse sweatiness |
Signs and symptoms of insulin shock include: | Syncope (fainting |
Signs and symptoms of insulin shock include: | Loss of consciousness (LOC) and coma |
Treatment for insulin shock includes | administration of sugar in any form |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions: | Follow prescribed diet exactly |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions: | . Take prescribed insulin or hypoglycemics as directed. |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions: | Monitor BS every day |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions: | Follow daily exercise regiment |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions: | Always wear feet protection to prevent injury from stubbing, fire ants, sand spurs, etc. |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions: | Have a podiatrist take care of ANY foot needs immediately such as clipping toe nails, corns, bunions, calluses, wounds, etc. to prevent accidental injury. |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions: | A medical alert bracelet or necklace should be worn at all times. |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions: | Always check temperature of bath water before stepping into bath to prevent scalding. |
Even a small wound to a diabetic’s feet can result in uncontrolled infection due to poor wound healing and can eventually lead to putrefaction (gangrene) and | amputation of the extremity |
Diabetics that have difficulty controlling their blood sugar are called | “brittle diabetics.” |
Other risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM) include | Highly irregular menses |
Other risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM) include | More than 40 days between cycles |
Other risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM) include | A waist size greater than 40 inches in men and 35 inches in women |
Some studies indicate that type II diabetes mellitus (DM) can double the risk of | Alzheimer’s disease (AD). |
GTT | glucose tolerance test |
PPBS | postprandial blood sugar |
FBS | fasting blood sugar |
A1c (HbA1c | provides an average of your BS control over a 6 to 12 week period |
A1c (HbA1c) normal range | 4% - 6% (DM > 7%) |
fructosamine test | measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks |
PBI | protein bound iodine |
RAIU | radioactive iodine uptake test |
HCG | human chorionic gonadotropin (serum and urine pregnancy test |