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A & P Ch 10+11
Central Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nerve Cells are AKA | Neurons |
| What part of the neuron carries impulses from one neuron to the next? | Axon |
| What protective lipoprotein surrounds the axon and allows nerve impulses to travel 200 miles/second? | Myelin Sheath |
| Multiple Sclerosis(MS) | Degenerative nerve disease caused by a degradation of the myelin sheath |
| Central Nervous System(CNS)is made up of? | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| The brain contains how many neurons? | 100,000,000,000. |
| What system contains all the nerves of the body? | Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) |
| These two types of neurons make up the PNS | Sensory and Motor |
| Sensory Neurons are AKA | Afferent |
| These neurons transmit changes in the environment to the brain for interpretation | Sensory(afferent) |
| What is stimuli? | Changes in the environment |
| Motor Neurons are also called | Efferent |
| What is the main job of Motor(efferent)neurons? | Transmit commands from the brain to the muscles to facilitate movement |
| Smooth voluntary muscle movements are influenced by what chemical neurotransmitter? | Dopamine |
| What is Parkinson's Disease(PD)? | A disease caused by a deficiency of Dopamine |
| Nervous System which is considered involuntary(reflex)? | Autonomic Nervous System(ANS) |
| Name the 5 involuntary reflexes of the Autonomic Nervous System | Coughing,Choking,Sneezing,Swallowing, and Vomiting |
| Sympathetic and Parasympathetic are what? | Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System |
| This division of the ANS is know as the "fight or flight reactions" | Sympathetic Division |
| Norephinephrine(NE) | Neurotransmitter that the Sympathetic Division of ANS relies on to transmit impulses |
| Parasympathetic Division | Operates during normal non-stressful situations ("rest and digest") |
| Parasympathetic Division of ANS uses this neurotransmitter to send impulses | Acetylcholine(Ach) |
| Parasympathetic Division is at work duing these non-stressful situations | Digestive Processes,Reproductive Processes,Eupnea,Normal Heart Rate(HR) |
| Changes that occur during the "fight or fight" response are: | Tachycardia,Tachypnea,Bronchodilation,Pupillarydilation,Pallor |
| Cerebrum | Largest part of the brain |
| The outer portion of the cerebrum is know as the | Cerebral Cortex |
| Corpus Callosum | Connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain and allows them to communicate |
| Lobes | Sections of the brain |
| Name the 4 lobes of the brain | Frontal,Parietal,Temporal,Occipital |
| What does the frontal lobe control? | Voluntary mucle function,Moods,Aggression,Smell reception(olfactory),Motivation |
| Sensory stimuli such as Touch,Pain,Balance,Taste,and Temperature are controlled by which lobe of the brain? | Parietal Lobes |
| The temporal lobes control the following | Hearing input,Smell,Memory,and Judgement |
| This lobe of the brain is responsible for receiving and interpreting visual input | Occipital |
| Depression, migraines, anxiety,appetite, sexuality, and bipolar disorder are influenced by this neurotransmitter | Serotonin |
| The second largest portion of the brain is known as? | Cerebellum |
| Where is the cerebellum located? | Posterior base of the brain |
| This part of the brain controls coordination and balance | Cerebellum |
| The brain stem consists of these 3 structures | Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Midbrain |
| Medulla and Pons control the following | Consciousness and arousal Regulation of diameter of blood vessels(BP) Heart Rate(HR) Ventilation(breathing) |
| The Midbrain acts as a connection between these two structures | Cerebrum and Spinal Cord |
| What structure is known as the "relay station" for sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex? | Thalamus |
| The Hypothalamus control what? | Pituitary gland Feelings of rage and aggression Body Temperature Thirst Sleep Food intake(satiation) |
| The spinal cord begins as a continuation of what structure of the brain? | medulla oblongata |
| How long is the spinal cord? | Approx 16-18 inches |
| What are the functions of the spinal cord? | 1. Send sensory(afferent)impulses from the periphery to the brain 2. Send motor(efferent)impulses from the brain to the periphery |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31(62 total nerves) |
| The spinal nerves branch off the spinal cord and exit the vertebral column between what? | Adjacent vertebrae |
| Name the spinal nerve pairs and how many of each | Cervical(8) Thoracic(12) Lumbar(5) Sacral(5) Coccygeal(1) |
| What are meninges? | Protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal column |
| Name the 3 layers of the meninges | Dura mater,Arachnoid membrane,Pia mater |
| What is the Arachnoid membrane? | Middle layer of the meninges which cover the brain and spinal column |
| The outer most meninx is known as? | dura mater(tough mother) |
| The innermost layer of meninges is called? | Pia mater(delicate mother) |
| Name the space which is between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane that contains serous fluid | Subdural(space) |
| What is located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater? | Subarachnoid(space) |
| Name the fluid contained in the subarachnoid space | Cerebrospinal Fluid(CSF) |
| What are ventricles? | Cavities which aid in circulating CSF around the brain and spinal column |
| The purpose of the Cerebrospinal Fluid? | 1. Acts as a shock absorber 2. Circulates nutrients |
| What is the cornea? | Transparent anterior portion of the sclera |
| Name of the colored portion of each eye | Iris |
| What is the choroid? | Highly vascular layer of the eye |
| The os in the center of each iris is known as? | Pupil |
| Pupillary Constriction | A pupil that decreases in size |
| Pupillary Dilation | A pupil that increases in size |
| What is the crystalline structure located posterior to each pupil that accomodates light on a retina? | Lens |
| What is the function of the retinae? | To perceive light |
| Each retina is made up of what? | Visual receptor cells called rods(black&white) and cones(color) |
| Each retina is an extension of what nerve? | Optic |
| Optic nerves transmit visual impulses to? | Thalamus |
| The thalamus sends impulses to which lobe of the brain for interpretation? | Occipital lobe |
| What is Aqueous humor? | Liquid contained in the anterior compartment of each eye |
| The liquid located in the posterior compartment of each eye is called? | Vitreous humor |
| What is the pinna? | External cartilagenous flap of each ear. AKA: auricle |
| Tube leading from each pinna(auricle)to a tympanic membrane is known as? | External Auditory Canal |
| Tympanic Membrane is AKA? | Eardrum |
| Cerumen(AKA-Earwax) is produced by modified sebaceous glands in what structure? | External Auditory Canal |
| Name the three auditory bones of the middle ear | 1. Malleus(hammer) 2. Incus(anvil) 3. Stapes(stirrup) |
| What do the Eustachian tubes connect? | Middle ears to the Pharynx |
| What is the purpose of Eustchian tubes? | Pressure equalization |
| The structure in each inner ear that perceives sound vibrations and conducts these vibrations to the auditory nerve? | Cochlea |
| What is the Oval Window? | Connection between the stapes and cochlea |
| Name the structure in the inner ear which aids in balance(equilibrium)? | Labyrinth |
| The labyrinth is made up of what structures? | 1. Vestibule 2. Semicircular canals |
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