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Ch 13 Cardiovascular
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Arteries carry | oxygenated blood. |
| Oxygen is abbreviated | O2. |
| Arterioles refer to | small arteries |
| Veins carry | deoxygenated blood |
| De-oxygenated blood contains | carbon dioxide |
| Carbon dioxide is abbreviated | CO2. |
| Venules refer to | small veins. |
| Capillaries refer to | the smallest of the arteries and veins. |
| Vasodilation refers to | increased diameter of arteries |
| Vasoconstriction refers to | decreased diameter of arteries. |
| Vasodilation will cause | hypotension. |
| Vasoconstriction will cause | hypertension |
| The body cavity where the heart is housed is called the | thoracic cavity |
| The region directly between the sternum and vertebrae is called the | mediastinum |
| The pericardium refers to the | membranous sac around the heart |
| The epicardium refers to the | outer layer of the heart |
| The myocardium refers to the | muscle layer of the heart. |
| The endocardium refers to the | inner layer of the heart. |
| The chambers of the heart are separated by walls called | septa/septum |
| Deoxygenated blood (CO2) is returned to the heart via the | venae cavae (superior and inferior). |
| The superior and inferior venae cavae are the | largest veins in the body. |
| The venae cavae deliver the deoxygenated blood (CO2) to the | right atrium |
| The right atrium is the | superior right chamber of the heart |
| The deoxygenated blood (CO2) moves through the | tricuspid valve. |
| The tricuspid valve allows the deoxygenated blood (CO2) to enter the | right ventricle |
| The right ventricle is the | inferior right chamber of the heart |
| The purpose of the tricuspid valve is to prevent the blood from | regurgitating. |
| The sound caused by valvular regurgitation is called a | murmur (bruit). |
| The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood (CO2) through the | pulmonary trunk |
| The valve at the entrance of the pulmonary trunk is the | pulmonary semilunar valve. |
| The deoxygenated blood (CO2) then enters the | right and left pulmonary arteries |
| The pulmonary arteries carry the deoxygenated blood (CO2) to the | lungs |
| The lungs are where | respiration takes place. |
| Respiration is the | exchange of gases. |
| The gases that are exchanged are | O2 and CO2 |
| The oxygenated blood (O2) returns from the lungs through the | pulmonary veins. |
| The pulmonary veins deliver the oxygenated blood (O2) to the | left atrium |
| The left atrium is the | superior left chamber of the heart |
| The oxygenated blood (O2) then moves through the | bicuspid valve |
| The bicuspid valve is AKA | mitral valve |
| The bicuspid (mitral) valve allows the oxygenated blood (O2) to enter the | left ventricle |
| The left ventricle is the | inferior left chamber of the heart |
| The purpose of the bicuspid (mitral) valve is to prevent the blood from | regurgitating |
| The sound caused by valve regurgitation is called a | murmur (bruit). |
| The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood (O2) through the | aortic semilunar valve |
| The aortic semilunar valve allows the oxygenated blood (O2) to enter the: | 1. Ascending aorta. 2. Aortic arch. 3. Descending thoracic aorta. 4. Abdominal aorta. |
| The aorta branches off into arteries, arterioles, and capillaries, that will | distribute the oxygen (O2) to the tissues of the body. |
| Strands of tendon that anchor the cusps of the bicuspid (Mitral) and tricuspid valves preventing prolapse are called | chordae tendineae |
| The carotid arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | brain. |
| The coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | myocardium. |
| The subclavian arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | arms and superior thorax |
| The mesenteric arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | intestines. |
| The phrenic arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | diaphragm. |
| The diaphragm is the | main muscle of ventilation |
| The abdominal aorta bifurcates into the | iliac arteries |
| The iliac arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | pelvis and thighs |
| The femoral arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | legs. |
| Other capillaries, venules, and veins will return the deoxygenated blood (CO2) to the | venae cavae and the circuit is complete. |
| The jugulars drain deoxygenated blood from the | head |
| The saphenous veins drain deoxygenated blood from the | legs. |
| The saphenous veins are commonly used for | coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG). |
| Another vessel used for CABG is the | mammary artery |
| heart-lung machine | a machine that respirates the blood when the heart is stopped for surgical procedures |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | inflammatory indicator and powerful risk factor for heart disease |
| CPK (CK) +LDH (LD) | enzymes (chemicals) in the blood that indicate muscle damage. |
| CPK-MB (“isoenzymes” or “isos”) | very specific enzymes in the blood that indicate cardiac damage. |
| The azygos vein drains deoxygenated blood from the | thorax. |
| The median cubital (antecubital) veins are commonly used to perform | phlebotomy (venipuncture). |
| Blood is necessary to: 1. Transport nutrients and water from the digestive tract to | all cells of the body |
| These nutrients include: a. Vitamins and minerals which are used for | chemical processes and reactions |
| Carbohydrates which are used for | energy. |
| Proteins which are used for | growth and repair |
| Fats are used for | vitamin absorption and cellular wall creation. |
| Transport waste products from the body’s cells to the | lungs, sweat glands, and kidneys for excretion |
| Transport hormones from endocrine glands to | target cells and organs in the body |
| Transport enzymes to body cells in order to | regulate chemical processes and reactions |
| Dissipates excess body heat through | dilated blood vessels in the skin |
| Transports leukocytes and antibodies to defend the body against | pathogens |
| Helps regulate body pH by | transporting buffers and amino acids |
| Normal blood pH is | 7.35 - 7.45. |
| Blood pH below 7.35 is considered | acidotic (acidosis). |
| Blood pH above 7.45 is considered | alkalitic (alkaline, alkalosis, or basic). |
| An average woman has approximately ____ liters of blood. | 5 |
| An average man has approximately ____ liters of blood | 6 |
| Erythrocytes AKA | red blood cells (RBCs). |
| . Leukocytes AKA | white blood cells (WBCs). |
| Thrombocytes AKA | clot cells or platelets. |
| Erythrocytes are responsible for | respiration. |
| Respiration is the | exchange of gases. |
| The gases that are exchanged are | oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). |
| Erythrocytes appear as biconcave disks with edges that are | thicker than the center of the cell (Cream Savers). |
| Erythrocytes do not have nuclei so they do not have the ability to | divide (replicate). |
| Erythropoiesis means | the formation of erythrocytes |
| Erythropoiesis occurs in the | red bone marrow AKA myeloid tissue |
| A normal erythrocyte count is | 4 - 6 million/mm3 |
| Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the | kidneys. |
| Erythropoietin is necessary for | erythrocyte development |
| Erythrocytes live for approximately | 120 days |
| Erythrocytes die at a rate of | 2,000,000/second. |
| Hemolysis means | the break up or destruction of blood (RBCs). |
| Bilirubin is | dead, broken up erythrocytes |
| Hyperbilirubinemia means | a blood condition of excessive bilirubin |
| Hyperbilirubinemia causes | jaundice or icterus. |
| Jaundice (icterus) is a | yellowish, orange discoloration to the skin or sclerae |
| Hyperbilirubinemia can be caused by | liver, gall bladder, or pancreatic dysfunction |
| The blood protein found inside RBCs that is necessary for RBCs to carry O2 and CO2 is called | hemoglobin. |
| A normal hemoglobin range is | 12 -17 g/dL |
| The element necessary for healthy hemoglobin is called | iron (Fe). |
| Foods rich in iron (Fe) include | red meat and dark green leafy vegetables. |
| Hematocrit (“crit”) is the measure of the | packed cell volume (PCV). |
| PCV is the percentage of blood attributed to | erythrocytes (RBCs). |
| H+H stands for | hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct or “crit”). |
| MCH stands for | mean cell hemoglobin |
| MCHC stands for | mean cell hemoglobin concentration. |
| Anemia refers to | erythrocytopenia and/or a deficiency of hemoglobin |
| Erythrocytopenia is a | deficiency of erythrocytes (RBCs). |
| Leukocytes are part of your | immune response against foreign proteins. |
| Foreign proteins are called | antigens. |
| A normal leukocyte count is | 5000 – 11,000 mm3 |
| Leukocytosis is an | elevated leukocyte count (WBC). |
| Infection can cause a leukocytosis of | 20,000 mm3 |
| Leukopoiesis means | the formation of leukocytes (WBCs). |
| Leukopoiesis occurs in the | red bone marrow. |
| Monocytes are | phagocytes. |
| Phagocytes are | eating cells (PAC-MEN). |
| Phagocytes consume | antigens |
| Neutrophils are | phagocytes. |
| Basophils release | histamine and heparin |
| Histamine triggers the | inflammatory response |
| Heparin prevents | clotting and promotes blood flow |
| Eosinophils lessen allergic reactions and increase in number in the event of a | parasitical worm infestation (helminths |
| Lymphocytes help produce | antibodies |
| Antibodies are necessary to defeat | viral infections |
| Leukocytopenia means | a deficiency of white cells. |
| Leukemia refers to a | blood condition of extreme leukocytosis of immature leukocytes (WBCs). |
| Thrombocytes (platelets) are needed for proper | coagulation. |
| A normal thrombocyte count is | 150,000 - 300,000 mm3. |
| Thrombocytes (platelets) are produced at a rate of | 200,000,000,000/day. |
| Thrombopoiesis occurs in the | red bone marrow |
| Hemophilia is a genetic coagulopathy caused by a deficiency of a | clotting factor. |
| Thrombus - thrombi are | clot(s). |
| Embolus - emboli are | a floating clot(s). |
| Thrombolysis or thrombolytic means | the break up or destruction of clots |
| Anticoagulant means | against coagulation (clotting). |
| Thrombocytopenia means | a deficiency of platelets (clot cells). |
| Thrombocytosis means | an abnormal condition of excessive platelets |
| A bleeding time is a | test to determine a person’s ability to coagulate |
| INR (international normalization ratio) is a | test to determine a person’s ability to coagulate |
| Coagulation panel (profile) consists of | INR, prothrombin (PT), platelet count, and bleeding time |
| DIC stands for | disseminated intravascular coagulopathy |
| DIC causes the coagulation process to | collapse, followed by hypovolemic shock (exsanguination) and death |
| Plasma is the | liquid portion of the blood |
| Plasma is made up of | water, plasma proteins, salts, gases, nutrients, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, vitamins, and minerals |
| Plasma makes up approximately | 55% of the blood volume |
| The cells and other elements make up | 45% of the blood volume |
| A plasma protein necessary for proper fluid balance is | albumin |
| Two plasma proteins that play a vital role in coagulation are | fibrinogen and prothrombin (PT). |
| Proper prothrombin production requires adequate amounts of | vitamin K |
| Foods rich in vitamin K include | green leafy vegetables |
| Serum is | plasma without fibrinogen and prothrombin (PT |
| Plasmapheresis refers to the | separation of the plasma from the blood cells. |
| FFP stands for | fresh frozen plasma |
| Cryoprecipitates refers to | FFP with clotting factors |
| FFP can be stored | indefinitely. |
| A bone marrow biopsy (Bx) is a | test commonly used to determine cancers of the blood |
| Myelogenic means | pertaining to created by the bone marrow. |
| Hematocytopenia means | a deficiency of blood cells |
| Hematoma refers to a | mass of blood. |
| Dyscrasia refers to | any blood abnormality |
| Morphology means | the study of shapes. |
| Hypercholesterolemia is a | blood condition of excessive cholesterol |
| Hematologist is a | specialist in the study of blood. |
| Hemostasis (hemostatic) means | the stoppage or controlling of bleeding |
| A complete blood count (CBC) is a count of the numbers of | 1.Erythrocytes (RBCs). 2. Leukocytes (WBCs). 3. Thrombocytes (platelets)4. Hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct). 5. ESR or “sed rate” (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). |
| An elevated ESR indicates | inflammation |
| A differential (“diff”) is an | individual count of the five different types of leukocytes |
| The four blood types are | A, B, AB, and O. |
| Each blood type has a + or - called an | Rh factor. |
| The universal donor is type | O - |
| The universal recipient is type | AB + |
| A negative Rh blood type can be given to a | positive Rh blood type |
| A positive Rh cannot be given to a | negative Rh blood type |
| Blood is transfused in | units (U). |
| Donated blood has a refrigerated shelf life of | 42 days. |
| Type and crossmatch (screen) (T+CM) means | determining blood type and compatibility with other blood types |
| PRBCs stands for | packed red blood cells. |
| A lipid profile (panel) includes: | 1. Total cholesterol should be < 200 mg/dL. 2. HDL (high density lipoproteins) (“good cholesterol”) should be > 40 mg/dL. 3. Triglycerides should be < 150mg/dL. 4. LDL (low density lipoproteins) should be < 130 mg/dL. |
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