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Nissing Micro Ch1
Micro Ch1 A Brief History of Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Study of organisms too small to be seen with human eye | Micorbiology |
| Study of fungus | mycology |
| Study of parasites | Parasitology |
| Guy who discovered microbes, called them animalcules | Antoni van Leeuwenhoek |
| Prokaryotes | Bacteria, Archaea - no nucleus, unicelular, smaller than eukaryotes, reproduce asexually |
| Eukaryotes | Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, - have membrane-bound nucleus |
| Carolus Linnaeus' taxonomic system had 3 kingdoms, what are they? | Plants, animals, minerals (which isn't a current kingdom since minerals aren't alive) |
| Bacteria and Archaea have different cell walls. What co Bacterial walls contain? | Peptidoglycan |
| Multicellular fungi that grow as long filaments and reproduce by sexual and asexual spores | Molds (multi molds, uni yeasts) |
| Unicellular fungi, reproduce by budding or sexual spores | Yeast (multi molds, uni yeasts) |
| Eukaryote with chitin cell wall, include yeasts and molds | Fungi |
| Unicellular Eukaryote similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure, live freely in water or animal hosts, most reproduce by asexual but can reproduce sexually, most capable of locomotion | Protozoa |
| means "fake feet" means of protozoan locomotion where extensions of the cell flow in the direction of travel | Pseudopodia |
| Tiny hair like fillaments that cover a cell and beat rhythmically to propel it through its environment | cilia |
| Tail or whip-like projection(s) used for locomotion | Flagella |
| Can be unicellular or multicellular, photosynthetic | Algae |
| How are algaes categorized? | pigmentation, storage products, composition of cell wall |
| What are 2 types of algae cell wall? | celulose, silica, |
| Anamalia included in microbiology - worms | Helminths |
| Obligate Intracellular Parasites | Virus. Means they need a host to replicate, and are inactive outside of the host. |
| Who proposed spontaneous generation? | Aristotle (380 BC) |
| Whose experiments with jars of meat invalidated the concept of spontaneous generation? | Francesco Redi (1680) |
| This scientist "proved" that bacteria could spontaneously generate by work with boiled broths, indicating that "life force" generated microscopic creatures. | John T. Needham (1760) |
| This scientist killed endospores by boiling broths hotter and longer, sealed vials tightly, and disputed bacterial spontaneous generation | Lazzaro Spallanzani (1799) |
| This man had "swan neck" flasks to disprove spontaneous generation | Louis Pasteur |
| Who created the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax? | Louis Pasteur |
| List the steps of the Scientific Method | Observe - Question - Hypothesize - Test - Accept/Reject/Modify Hypothesis |
| Who developed the Germ theory of disease? | Louis Pasteur |
| What are Koch's Postulates? (4) | The agent must be in all the sick people and none of the well. It must be grown in a lab. It must infect healthy host. It must be found in the infected house. |
| Who first used Petri dishes? | Robert Koch, named the dishes after his assistant Petri |
| Who was the first to see bacteria as distinct species? | Robert Koch, who innitially worked with Anthrax because it's such a large microbe |
| Who first pushed handwashing to prevent disease? | Ignaz Semmelweis |
| Who first used antiseptic technique (cleaning inatimate objects with antiseptic) | Josept Lister |
| Who dramatically broadened clean techniques in hospitals and healthcare? | Florence Nightengale |
| What two types of microbe are prokaryotic? | Bacteria and Archaea |
| Another word for "spontaneous generation" | abiogenesis (a=without, bio=life, genesis=creation, ie, creation without life) |
| Which 3 scientists worked to disprove abiogenesis? | Redi (meat), Spallanzani (boil longer, hotter, and seal tightly), and Pasteur (swan-necked flasks) |
| Which scientist is credited with determining that bacteria ferment sugars into acids and yeasts ferment sugars into alcohol. | Louis Pasteur |
| What does facultative anaerobe mean? Give an example. | Organisms that can live with or without oxygen, like yeasts |
| Louis Pasteur began a field in which microbes are intentionally used to manufacture products. What is this field called? | Industrial microbiology or biotechnology |
| What is pasteurization? | Heating a product enough to eliminate the bacteria you don't want. For example, in wine eliminating acid-forming bacteria, in milk or juice eliminating pathogens. |
| By demonstrating that live cells are not required for fermentation but that enzymes could be used, this scientist began the fields of biochemistry and metabolism. | Eduard Buchner (1897) |
| Term meaning the study of causation of disease | etiology |
| Which scientist is famous for dominating investigations into etiology? | Robert Koch |
| Which scientist first stained bacteria cells and flagella for better viewing? | Robert Koch (1877) |
| Who first photographed bacteria? | Robert Koch |
| Are Koch's postulates always useful in proving the cause of a given disease? | No. Some diseases are genetic (Alzheimer's), some are viral and cannot be grown outside of cells, etc. |
| Who first used the term virus, and what was he referring to? | Martinus Beijerinck, tobacco mosaic virus, which he called filterable virus because they could slip through pores bacteria couldn't |
| Who developed a procedure of dying microbes using a series of dyes which leave some purple and others pink? | Hans Christian Gram (1884) |
| A Gram-positive microbe will be dyed what color? | Purple (both pick up pink, only positive also picks up blue) |
| A Gram-negative microbe will be dyed what color? | Pink |
| Term describing infections acquired in a healthcare setting | Nosocimial infection (now usually Healthcare Acquired Infection, or HAI) |
| This physician discovered that antepartum mortality was 20% higher after medical students carried "cadaver particles" from autopsy studies to assist in childbirth | Ignaz Semmelweis (1848) |
| Semmelweis was ridiculed and forced to leave his hospital for requiring medical students to do this after handling cadavers. | Wash hands |
| This surgeon advanced the idea of antisepsis by spraying wounds, incisions, and dressings with carbolic acid (phenol) | Joseph Lister (~1900) think antiseptic listerine to remember |
| This nurse was dedicated to cleanliness and documented statistical comparisons to substantiate her claim that poor food and unsanitary conditions in hospitals caused death. | Florence Nightingale (~1855) |
| Through his work in mapping the occurence of cholera in contaminated water and documentation of its spread, this doctor founded infection control and epidemiology. | John Snow (~1840) |
| This term refers to the study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans. | Epidemiology - think epidemic-ology, or the study of epidemics |
| This unethical doctor first vaccinated people against fatal smallpox with harmless cowpox. | Edward Jenner (1796) |
| This scientist produced vaccines using weakened strains of cholera, anthrax, and rabies. | Louis Pasteur |
| This scientist is credited with beginning the field of immunology | Edward Jenner |
| This microbiologist believed that if different microbes were susceptible to different dyes, perhaps they were susceptible to different chemicals | Paul Ehrlich |
| The branch of medical microbiology that focuses on creating "magic bullets" that destroy pathogens while remaining nontoxic to humans | Chemotherapy |
| The Golden Age of Microbiology focused on what 4 issues? | 1) disproving abiogenesis, 2) Bacterial causation of fermentation, 3) Microbial causation of disease, 4) Disease control, prevention, and cure |
| This term refers to the study of metabolism | Biochemistry |
| This term refers to the chemical reactions that occur in living organisms | Metabolism |
| Which 2 scientists are credited with pioneering biochemistry? | Buchner with enzymes, pasteur with fermentation |
| Which scientist proposed that basic biochemical reactions (transfer of electrons and Hydrogen ions) are shared by all living things, not just microbes? | Albert Kluyver (Early 1900's) |
| Molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology, and gene therapy are all part of what field? | genetics |
| This field combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function on the molecular level | Molecular biology |
| Gene sequencing allowed Carl Woese to discover differences significant enough to divide prokaryotes into what 2 groups, creating a total of 3 major groups of organism? | Archaea and Bacteria (the third group would be eukaryotes) |
| Gene sequencing allowed scientists to discover that cat scratch fever couldn't be cultured for what reason? | Its RNA is different from all other known RNA sequences |
| What's the common term for recombinant DNA technology, which is manipulating genes for practical applications? | Genetic engineering |
| The most famous example of recombinant DNA technology is the one where E. coli is used to manufacture what? | human blood clotting factor, used by hemophiliacs without fear of contamination |
| Name the controversial field of recombinant DNA technology involving inserting missing or replacing defective genes in a human cell. | Gene Therapy |
| Beijerinck (the virus guy) and Winogradsky discovered that bacteria convert Nitrogen into nitrate, usable by plants, and recycle sulfur, key aspects to what field of microbiology? | Environmental microbiology |
| What are some steps people take to limit the abundance of pathogenic microbes and control their spread in the environment? | sewage treatment, water purification, disinfection, pasteurization, sterilization |
| Kitasato and vonBehring reported the existence of chemicals and cells that fight infection in human blood. This developed into what 2 fields? | Serology, study of blood serum & chemicals in the serum that fight disease, and immunology, the study of body's defense against specific pathogens |
| Who discovered penicillin? | Alexander Flemming (1929) |
| Who discovered sulfa drugs? | Gerhard Domagk (1935) |
| Name 2 prokaryotic microorganisms | Bacteria, Archaea |
| Which scientist first hypothesized that a bacterial colony could arise from a single bacterial cell? | Robert Koch |
| Which scientist first hypothesized that medical personnel can infect patients with pathogens through poor hygiene techniques? | Ignaz Semmelweis |
| Name the scientist who "disproved" spontaneous generation through work with heated broths? | Needham |
| The study of the role of microbes in the environment is called | Environmental microbiology |
| Name the 2 scientist whose investigations made the biggest moves toward beginning the study of environmental microbiology. | Beijerinck and Winogradsky |
| Name the 2 scientist whose investigations made the biggest moves toward beginning the study of Biochemistry. | Pasteur and Buchner |
| Name the scientist whose investigations made the biggest moves toward beginning the study of Chemotherapy. | Ehrlich |
| Name the scientist whose investigations made the biggest moves toward beginning the study of Immunology. | Jenner |
| Name the scientist whose investigations made the biggest moves toward beginning the study of infection control. | Snow |
| Name the scientist whose investigations made the biggest moves toward beginning the study of etiology (causes of disease). | Koch |
| Name the scientist whose investigations made the biggest moves toward beginning the study of epidemiology (study of occurrence, distribution, spread and pattern of disease) | Snow |
| Name the scientist whose investigations made the biggest moves toward beginning the study of | Pasteur |
| Name the scientist whose investigations made the biggest moves toward beginning the study of | Pasteur |
| Microbial geneticists who established that a gene's activity is related to the specific protein coded by the gene | George Beadle and Edward Tatum (1958) |
| who studied the microbial recycling of sulfur in the environment | Winogradsky |
| Who studied the nitrogen cycle in bacteria. | Beijerinck |
| Who proposed that gene sequences could help us understand evolutionary relationships including evolutionary and taxonomic categories | Pauling |
| Who was the first to suggest that "germs of contagion" cause disease? | Girolamo Fracastoro 1546 |
| Term meaning the use of microbes to remove pollutants from the environment | Bioremediation |
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jenissing
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