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EPPP 8-1
Learning Theory - Classical Conditioning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classical conditioning explains how | Certain stimuli acquire the capacity to automatically elicit a particular response |
| Classical conditioning was first described over a century ago by the Russian physiologist | Ivan Pavlov |
| Classical conditioning was subsequently used by______________ to explain how humans acquire phobic reactions to objects and events | John Watson |
| Delay conditioning is a type of forward conditioning and involves | Presenting the CS (Bell) so that it precedes and overlaps presentation of the US (meat powder) |
| When using delay conditioning the optimal time interval between the onset of the CS and the US is | .5 seconds |
| The most efficient procedure for establishing a conditioned response | Delay conditioning |
| Another type of forward conditioning and entails presenting and terminating the CS prior to presenting the US | Trace conditioning |
| Trace conditioning produces_________ than does delay conditioning | Weaker CR |
| Involves presenting and withdrawing the CS and US at the same time | Simultaneous conditioning |
| Backward conditioning entails | Presenting the US prior to the CS |
| Backward conditioning does not usually produce | A conditioned response |
| The greater the number of conditioning trials | The stronger and more persistent the conditioned response |
| Regardless of the number of trials the conditioned response is usually | Weaker in intensity or magnitude than the unconditioned response |
| Repeated exposure to the unconditioned stimulus or to the intended conditioned stimulus before the CS and US are paired | Slows down acquisition of the conditioned response |
| Once the CS – CR connection has been established, if the CS is repeatedly presented without the US | The CS – CR connection eventually decays |
| The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response as the result of repeated presentation of the CS alone is referred to as | Classical extinction |
| To avoid extinction of a classically – conditioned response, | Occasionally "refresher trials," in which the CS is again paired with the US, are required |
| Following extinction, fewer/more trials are needed to reestablish a CS–CR relationship then were needed to establish it initially | Fewer |
| A conditioned response rarely | Extinguishes all at once |
| According to Pavlov, spontaneous recovery demonstrates that | The conditioned responses suppressed rather than eliminated by extinction trials |
| What is stimulus generalization | The subject responds with a conditioned response not only to the CS but also to stimuli that are similar to the CS |
| Stimulus discrimination | The ability to discriminate between the CS and similar stimuli and respond only to the CS with a CR. Established through discrimination training involving selective reinforcement and extinction |
| Very difficult discriminations in Pavlov studies can produce | Experimental neuroses |
| Higher order conditioning (2nd order conditioning, 3rd order conditioning, etc) | When a second neutral stimulus was repeatedly paired with a previously conditioned stimulus the second neutral stimulus eventually produces a conditioned response |
| Blocking | Once association has been made bet a CS & US, the presence of CS blocks an association between a second potential stimulus and the US when the CS and the second neutral stimulus are presented together prior to the US. Light/tone redundant electric shock |
| Overshadowing | When two neutral stimuli I repeatedly presented prior to the CS. When presented independently only one produces the CR. One of the stimuli is more salient to the subject |
| John B Watson argued that all learning is the result of | Classical conditioning |
| John B Watson, "the father of American behaviorism," is best known for his use of classical conditioning to | Establish phobia in an 11-month-old boy named little Albert. |
| Little Albert | White rat, loud noise |
| Name three interventions based on classical conditions | Counter conditioning, aversive counter conditioning, classical extinction. Interventions intended to help individuals unlearn connections between specific stimuli and undesirable behaviors |
| Counter conditioning underlined Wolpe's technique of | Reciprocal inhibition. Pairing a stimulus associated with the behavior with the stimulus that naturally elicits an incompatible behavior so that the maladaptive behavior is replaced by the incompatible behavior |
| Systematic desensitization was originally developed by Wolpe as an application of | Reciprocal inhibition for eliminating anxiety responses. |
| Systematic desensitization | Hierarchically arranged anxiety evoking events are paired with relaxation to eliminate anxiety |
| The four stages of systematic desensitization | Relaxation training, construction of an anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, in vivo desensitization |
| Dismantling strategy | Involves comparing the effects of various components of treatment by administering diff components to diff groups of participants. Training in noncompatible response and gradual exposure are not the essential components of systematic desensitization |
| Behavioral sex therapy | Non-genital sexual pleasure |
| Sex therapy is most effective for treating | Premature ejaculation and vaginismus. The "squeeze technique" and for the latter relaxation and progressive dilators |
| Interventions based on aversive counter conditioning | In vivo aversion therapy or overt sensitization, and covert sensitization |
| Aversive counter conditioning | Maladaptive behavior or stimulus associated with it is paired with the stimulus that naturally evokes pain or other unpleasant response. The maladaptive behavior and stimuli related to it are thus avoided |
| In vivo aversion therapy | Used to treat drug/alc addiction, paraphilias, & self injurious behaviors. Electric shock to eliminate fetish behavior. Fetish Bx becomes associative shock.Moderately effective initially but associated with high relapse rates & limited generalizability |
| Covert sensitization | Instead of using actual shock, client imagines engaging in maladaptive behavior and then imagines an aversive stimulus. |
| Interventions based on classical extinction | In vivo exposure with response prevention, inclusive therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) |
| In vivo exposure with response prevention | Client is exposed in real life to anxiety arousing stimuli for a prolonged period of time and is prohibited from making usual avoidance or other anxiety reducing response |
| Flooding | A type of in vivo exposure with response prevention. Exposure to the most anxiety or fear arousing stimuli for a prolonged period of time |
| Graduated or graded exposure | Exposure begins with situations that produce minimal anxiety and gradually progress. |
| Inclusive therapy | Based on the assumption that certain events are consistently avoided to reduce anxiety. Conducted in imagination, present fear stimulus vividly enough to arouse high levels of anxiety |
| Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, EMDR | Originally for PTSD, based on the assumption that exposure to a trauma can block a neurophysiological adaptive information processing mechanism. Found effective for PTSD, ongoing controversy about its benefits being caused by eye movements. |
Created by:
bwl200
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