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Chapter 14
The Brain and Cranial Nerves
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cerebrum | consists of two cerebral hemispheres |
| Gyri | thick folds |
| Longitudinal fissure | deep groove that separates the right and left hemispheres |
| Corpus callosum | thick bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres |
| Cerebellum | posterior and inferior to the cerebrum |
| Transverse cerebral fissure | deep groove that separates the cerebrum from cerebellum |
| Brainstem | what is left of the brain |
| Cortex | what is left of the brain |
| Nuclei | deeper masses of gray matter surrounded by white matter |
| Tracts | bundles of axons which connect the parts of the brain and connect to the spinal cord |
| During the 3rd week the neural plate, which gives rise to neurons and glial cells, | sinks and forms a neural groove with raised neural folds |
| By the 4th week | the neural folds have fused creating a hollow neural tube which exhibits 3 dilations which subdivide by the 5th week |
| Meninges | Protect the brain and provide a framework for its arteries and veins |
| Dural sinuses | spaces between the dura mater layers that collect blood |
| Falx cerebri | dura fold that extends into the longitudinal fissure |
| Tentorium cerebella | dura fold that separates cerebellum and cerebrum |
| Falx cerebella | dura fold that separates R and L halves of the cerebellum |
| Ventricles | internal chambers |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles, etc. and bathes the external surface of the brain |
| How is CSF produced? | It is produced from blood plasma filtered through the choroid plexus then modified by ependymal cells |
| Where does CSF flow? | CSF flows from choroid plexus in lateral ventricle through interventricular foramina 3rd ventricle cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle through apertures subarachnoid space arachnoid granulations dural venous sinuses |
| What is the purpose of CSF? | buoyancy, protection and chemical stability |
| Why must blood supply be constant? | Blood supply must be constant because neurons have a high demand for ATP, thus a high demand for glucose and O2 |
| Blood is a source of... | ...bacterial toxins and other harmful agents |
| What does the brain barrier system regulate? | what can enter the tissue fluid of the brain |
| All nerve fibers connecting the brain to the spinal cord pass through.. | ..the medulla oblongota |
| The medulla contains... | ...networks of sensory and motor functions and contains center for life sustaining functions – HR, respirations, BP |
| The pons contains... | ...continuation of reticular formation and several tracts |
| RF portion contains ... | ...nuclei involved in sleep, respiration, and posture |
| The midbrain contains... | ...the cerebral aqueduct, continuation of several tracts, RF and nuclei |
| Superior colliculi | function in visual attention, visual tracking, blinking, etc |
| Inferior colliculi | receive signals from the inner ear and relay them, mediate head turning reflex to sound and the jump when startled |
| Cerebral peduncles | stalks that anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem |
| Red nucleus | fibers go to and from the cerebellum to collaborate in fine motor control |
| Substantia nigra | motor center that relays inhibitory signals to the thalamus to prevent unwanted body movement |
| Central gray matter | involved with controlling the awareness of pain |
| Reticular formation | Gray matter that runs through the brainstem and consists of neural networks which function in somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, habituation, and sleep and consciousness |
| Somatic motor control | muscle tone, balance, posture, integration of signals from the eyes and ears |
| Cardiovascular control | HR, vessel diameter, breathing rate |
| Habituation | brain learns to ignore repetitive unnecessary stimuli |
| Sleep and consciousness | arousal and awareness |
| The cerebellum functions as... | ... the evaluation of some sensory input and monitoring muscle movement, etc. |
| Cerebellum receives information... | ...on the intent to move and the performance and signals if there is a discrepancy so the muscle performance can be adjusted to match the intent |
| Cerebellum is involved in... | ...learning motor skills |
| Cerebellar peduncles | posterior stalks that connect the cerebellum to the pons and midbrain |
| Thalamus | Receives input headed for the cerebral cortex and processes the information before it relays a small portion to the cortex |
| Plays a key role in motor control by relaying signals from the cerebellum to the cerebrum? | Thalamus |
| Hypothalamus | Relays signals from the limbic system to the thalamus |
| Relays signals from the limbic system to the thalamus? | Hypothalamus |
| (ht)Hormone secretion | secretes hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland |
| (ht) Thermoregulation | monitors the body temperature and activate the heat-loss or heat-promoting centers |
| (ht) Food and water intake | regulates sensation of hunger and satiety, stimulate drinking |
| (ht) Sleep rhythms | regulate the rhythms of sleep and waking |
| (ht) Emotional behavior | involved in anger, aggression, fear, pleasure |
| (ht) Autonomic effects | integrating center for HR, BP, and GI activity |
| Frontal lobe | voluntary motor function, motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment |
| Parietal lobe | receives and interprets signals of the general senses |
| Occipital lobe | contains the visual center of the brain |
| Temporal lobe | hearing, smell, learning |
| Insula | understanding spoken language, taste, integrating information from visual receptors |
| Projection tracts | carry information between the cerebrum and the rest of the body |
| Commissural tracts | cross from one hemisphere to the other |
| Association tracts | connect different regions within a hemisphere |
| Basal nuclei | determines the start and stop of intentional movement |
| Limbic system | center of emotion and learning, includes the hippocampus and amygdala |
| Hippocampus | organizes sensory and cognitive experiences into a unified long-term memory, but has only a short memory |
| Amygdala | involved in emotional memory |
| Electroencephalogram | a recording of brain waves |
| Brain waves | rhythmic voltage changes |
| Alpha waves | occur in the parieto-occipital area when awake but resting |
| Beta waves | occur in the frontal-parietal region during mental activity and sensory stimulation |
| Theta waves | occur in children and drowsy or sleeping adults |
| Delta waves | occur in awake infants and adults in deep sleep |
| Cognition | mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge |
| Association areas | regions of the cortex where cognition functions |
| Parietal association area | responsible for perceiving and attending to stimuli |
| Temporal association area | identifying stimuli |
| Frontal association area | for planning a response to stimuli |
| Learning | acquiring new information |
| Memory | information storage and retrieval |
| Forgetting | eliminating information |
| Amnesia | defects in declarative memory |
| Memory consolidation | hippocampus plays memory repeatedly to the cerebral cortex to establish long-term memory |
| Prefrontal cortex | the seat of judgment, intent and control over expression of emotions |
| Amygdala receives information from... | ...the senses and mediates responses to the stimuli |
| Input goes to .. | .. the hypothalamus and brainstem to influence somatic and visceral motor systems |
| Output goes to .. | .. the prefrontal cortex to mediate conscious control and expression of the emotions |
| Primary sensory cortex | site where sensory input is first received |
| Association area- | adjacent region where information is interpreted |
| Special senses | location of primary cortex |
| Vision | the occipital lobe |
| Hearing | the temporal lobe |
| Equilibrium | the cerebellum |
| Taste (gustatory) | the parietal lobe |
| Smell (olfactory) | the temporal and inferior frontal lobes |
| General Senses | touch, pressure, stretch, heat, cold, pain |
| Signals go to.. | ..the primary somatosensory cortex |
| Motor association area | where neurons compile a program for muscle contractions of a movement |
| The program is transmitted to the primary motor cortex.. | ..which sends the signal to the brainstem and spinal cord |
| Wernicke area | recognizes spoken and written language |
| Broca area | generates a motor plan for speaking |
| Aphasia | language deficit resulting from lesions in the hemisphere containing the Wernicke and Broca areas |
| Olfactory N | smell; goes to olfactory bulb |
| Optic N | vision; thalamus |
| Oculomotor N | eye movement, eyelid opening, pupil constriction, focusing; midbrain |
| Trochlear N | eye movement; from the midbrain |
| Trigeminal N | touch, temperature, pain from face and masticating; pons |
| Abducens N | lateral eye movement; pons |
| Facial N | taste, facial expression, secretion; pons |
| Vestibulocochlear N | hearing and equilibrium; pons |
| Glossopharyngeal N | taste, senses of the tongue and outer ear, regulation of the BP and respiration, salivation, swallowing, gagging; MO |
| Vagus N | taste, hunger, fullness, GI discomfort, swallowing, speech, decrease HR, bronchoconstriction, GI activity; medulla oblongata |
| Accessory N | swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movement; SC |
| Hypoglossal N | tongue movement and swallowing; medulla oblongata |
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