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WVSOM Anatomy head
Head and neck, part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This layer in the scalp is primarily superficial fascia and is deep to the skin | connective tissue |
| The deep aspect of this layer, of the scalp, contains blood vessels and nerves | connective tissue |
| The aponeurosis of the scalp connects what two muscles. | Frontalis and occipitalis |
| What layer of the scalp is not present on the lateral aspect of the head | aponeurosis |
| This layer of the scalp allows the aponuerosis to slide freely over the cranium | loose areolar tissue |
| This is the layer of the scalp closest to the bone | pericranium |
| This layer of the scalp is open, without any interveining septae or muscle compartments, and therefore is an ideal area for the spread of infection | loose areolar tissue |
| If the scalp is injured at the loose areolar tissue, describe the path of infection | Veins in the looser areolar tissue connect to emissary veins (that enter the cranium) and then to dipolic veins and intracranial sinuses |
| This is a process of removing large portions of the scalp from the bone | degloving |
| This area creates a natural separation from the skull | loose areolar tissue |
| This meningeal layer is inseparable except where the venous sinuses exist | Dura Mater |
| The outer layer of the dura mater is the? | periosteum (endosteum) |
| The inner layer of the dura mater is what and what is this layer continuous with | meningeal, spinal cord |
| What manifests pain during injury to head, brain or dura mater | dura mater |
| The infratentorial part of the dura mater is innervated by what cranial nerves | C2 and C3 |
| The dural membrane receives innervation from what cranial nerves | 3, 10, 2 |
| Vascular headaches, such as migraines generate pain dura mater (vasocontriction or vasodilation)? | vasodialation |
| These structures flank the superior sagittal sinus and look granular (through the dura) | lateral lacunae |
| The ________ __________ act as valves in the channels between the CSF and venous blood | arachnoid granulation |
| These arteries supply the dura and the skull cap and they leave an impression on the inner skull table | middle meningeal arteries |
| Fracture of this bone may lacerate the middle meningeal artery also causing what condition | squamous temporal bone, epidural hematoma |
| An epidural hematoma can place presure on the cortex (increasing or decreasing) internal volume of the cranium and (increasing or decreasing) intracranial pressure | decreasing , increasing |
| what nerve is commonly affected by a rise in intracranial pressure during an epidural hematoma | oculomotor nerve |
| This is the outer, convoluted layer of the cerebral hemispheres | cortex |
| The _______ are the grooves and the ______ are the elevations in the cortex | sulci and gyri |
| This sulcus makes the posterior boundary of the frontal lobes and the anterior boundary of the parietal lobes | central sulcus |
| This lobe is bounded by the lateral sulcus inferiorly | parietal lobe |
| The ________ lobe lies inferiorly to the lateral sulcus | temporal |
| This structure has very fine surface striations | cerebellum |
| This structure is inferior to the cerebellum and is the smooth, elongate portion of the brain | brainstem |
| The_______ connects the brainstem to the cerebellum and lies laterally and ventrally | pons |
| This is the area of the brainstem that lies between the pons and the foramen magnum | medulla oblongata |
| The noncortical, brainstem structures that are rostral to the pons are termed the | midbrain |
| The structure under the cerebellum and rostral to the midbrain | diencephalon |
| The hypophysis (pituitary gland) is separated by this process of the dura mater | diaphragm sellae |
| The optic nerves, optic chaism and the hypopysis (pituitary) are positioned how in terms of the diencephalon | rostrally |
| What two arteries supply the brain | internal carotid and vertebral |
| How does the vertebral artery enter the posterior cranial fossa | through the foramen magnum and ascending along the brainstem |
| These arteries branch off of the vertebral arteries, at the level of the foramen magnum to supply the spinal cord | anterior and posterior spinal arteries |
| This is a branch off the vertebral artery to supply the cerebellum | posterior inferior cerebellar artery |
| The vertebral arteries combine to form this artery | basilar |
| The basilar terminates as these arteries, which supplies the occipital pole and the posteromedial surface of the cerebral hemisphere | posterior cerebral a. |
| This artery branches off of the internal carotid at the level of the optic canal to supply structures in the orbit | opthalmic artery |
| The middles cerebral artery (a branch of the internal carotid) supplies most of the (medial or lateral) surface of the hemisphere | lateral |
| The _______ _______ artery supplies the anteriomedial surface of the hemisphere | anterior cerebral |
| The posterior communicating artery connects what two arteries | middle and posterior cerebral |
| what does the anterior communicating arteries connect | anterior cerebral arteries |
| The collective term for the anastamoses made with the various cerebral arteries is | circulus arteriosus or arterial circle of willis |
| This dural process separates the two hemispheres | falx cerebri |
| This dural process is oriented between the cerebellar hemispheres | falx cerebelli |
| This dural process holds the berebellum in the posterior cranial fossa and lies transversely | tentorium cerebelli |
| The tentorial notch allows what structure to pass from the posterior cranial fossa | brainstem |
| The ________ _______separates the hypophysis from the rest of the brain | diaphragm sellae |
| Between what two meningeal layers do venous sinuses form | periosteal and meningeal of the dur |
| This sinus runs longitudinally from the crista galli to the internal occipital protuberance | superior sagittal sinus |
| This sinus is located on the inferior margin of the falx cerebri | inferior sagittal sinus |
| This sinus lies at the junction of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli | straight sinus |
| Describe the confluence of sinuses | where the straight, occipital, transverse and the superior sagittal sinuses meet |
| the ________sinus lies against the occipital bone | occipital |
| The _________sinus curves around the petrosal part of the temporal bone | transverse |
| The sigmoid sinus (a continuation of the transverse sinus) terminates as what vein | internal jugular vein ( at the jugular foramen) |
| These sinuses lie on either side of the sella turcica and is composed of one or more thin walled venous channels (in an osseodural compartment | cavernous sinus (other vessels in the compartment are internal carotid artery, CN 3, 4, 5 (1) , 6 |
| This sinus connects the transverse sinus and the cavernous sinus | superior petrosal sinus |
| The_______ ________ sinus connects the sigmoid and cavernous sinus | inferior petrosal sinus |
| The ___________ sinus connects the two cavernous sinuses | intercavernous (this sinus crosses the sella turcica) |
| In cavernous sinus hypertension with fascial injury, the ________ veins will become pressurized (due to a rupture or aneuysm within the sinus) leading to exophthalmos and a palpable pulse of the globe | opthalmic veins |
| The olfactory nerves, bulb and tracts sit on what structure | cribiform plates |
| The optic nerve exits the ______ canal. What layer of the meniges does it have also extending through this canal | optic, dura mater |
| This is where the optic nerves exchange fibers with each other | optic chiasm |
| the optic chiasm is (ant or post) to the optic canal and (superior or inferior) to the diaphragm sellae and inbtween the 2 internal carotid arteries | posterior, superior |
| (Rostral or caudal) to the optic chiasm is the optic tract | caudal |
| The opthalmic nerve enters the dura on either side of the sella turcica (anterior or posterior) to the posterior clinoid process | anterior |
| The trochlear nerver pierces the dura (anter. or post) to the posterior clinoid process | posterior |
| The _________ nerve runs along the crest of the petrous ridge | trigeminal |
| The trigeminal ganglion is the _______part of the nerve | widest--this is sensory ganglion |
| The Opthalmic nerve (V1) enters what sinus to reach the orbit through the superior orbital fissure | cavernous |
| This nerve enters the foramen rotundum | Maxillary nerve (V2) |
| The ________nerve exits the cranium through the foramen ovale | mandibular nerve (V3) |
| The trigeminal ganlion and the proximal portions of the nerves are enveloped by a ________ ______ which is an excavation of the dura that is lined with arachnoid mater | cavum trigeminale |
| The abducens nerve sits on this bony structure and it passes through the cavernous sinus and this fissure | clivus and superior orbital fissure |
| The facial and vestibulocochlear nerve enter through the _______ _______ _______ which is in the petrous part of the temporal bone | internal acoustic meatus |
| The glossopharyngeal, vagus and accesory nerve enter through the dura that covers this | jugular foramen |
| The spinal roots of the accesory nerve ascend through this structure | foramen magnum |
| The hypoglossal nerve enters through what | hypoglossal cancal |
| Immediately deep to the trapezius muscle lies the | splenius capitis muscle |
| Name the origin and insertion for the splenius capitis | ligamentum nuchae/spinous processes of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebra and origin is the nuchal crest |
| Deep and more medial to the splenius capitis is this muscle | semispinalis capitis muscle |
| This artery passes through the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae | vertebral artery |
| the vertebral artery passes around the transverse process of (c1 or C2) and courses medially and deeply to enter the | C1, foramen magnum |
| the ________ ______________ _________ is a sheet of connective tissue that links the posterior arch of the atlas to the foramen magnum of the skull | posterior atlanto-occipital membrane |
| This membrane lies between the atlas and axis | posterior atlantoaxial membrane |
| When completing suboccipital release, what membrane is being stretched to relieve tenision and reduce pull on the dura | posterior atlantooccipital membrane |
| This membrane is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament and it connects the anterior arch of the atlas with the posterior aspect of the ______ | tectorial membrane, axis |
| This is the tissue sitting transversely across the dens, connecting the two lateral masses | transverse ligament of the atlas |
| The transverse lig of the atlas holds the dens against the ________ so that the dens will not project into the spinal cord causing injury | atlas |
| This ligament runs vertically from the anterior foramen magnum, through the transverse lig of the atlas and inferiorly, to the posterior aspect of the body of the axis | cruciform lig |
| This lig runs from the ant tip of the dens to the anterior formen magnum | apical lig (prevents excessive excursion which may damage the spinal cord |
| These ligaments extend from the tip of the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum | alar ligaments |
| forceful extension or flexion (such as during a car accicentt) maybe place stress on this structure | dens |
| If the dens is displaced (anteriorly or posteriorly) it will cause pressure on the spinal cord | posterior (but in any case of fracture of dens, there may be long term problems until a stable union can occur) |
| The periorbita is a layer of periosteum lining the ______ and is continous with the ______ mater | the orbit, dura |
| Most of the ocular structures are surrounded by __________ ____ to cushion and stablize the various nerves and vessels within it | periorbital fat |
| This is a clinical condition seen in goiter, grave's hyperthyroidism tumor etc in which the globes (eyes?) bulge anteriorly from the orbit | exopthalmos |
| This is the muscle that elevates the upper eyelid and what CN innervates it | levator palpebrae superioris m., CN 3 (oculomotor) |
| Name the muscle inferior to the superior oblique and its innervation | medial rectus, CN3 (oculomotor) |
| The lateral rectus is innervated by what | CN 6, abducens |
| Name the 3 branches of the opthalmic nerve | nasociliary, frontal and lacrimal |
| The frontal nerve separates into what two branches as it courses over the _______ _______ muscle | supratrochelar and supraorbitial, levator palpebrae superioris m. |
| The supratrochelar nerve exits the orbit superior to the ________ | trochlea |
| the supraorbital n exits through the | supraorbital notch/foramen |
| The lacrimal nerve laterlly (superior or inferior) to the lateral rectus m. | superior |
| The muscles that move the eye are made from the _______ ____ ________ of the head | cranial 3 somites |
| Each of the 3 cranial somites are supplied by different nerves, what nerves are these | oculomotor (CN 3) Trochlear (CN 4) which gives rise to superior oblique m. and abducens (CN 6) which gives rise to lateral rectus |
| What is the job of the lacrimal gland and where does it lie | prevent drying out of the conjuntiva and cornea and it lies lateral and in a superior position in the orbit |
| The superior rectus and superior oblique m. attach to what part of the eye | superior part |
| The trochlea is a fibrocartiliginous ring that allows the ______ _____ muscle to make a sharp turn (posteriolaterally) to reach the eyeball | superior oblique m. |
| the trochlear nerve enters the (proximal or distal) portion of the sup. oblique m. (after following close to the frontal n.( | proxmial |
| This structure is an area of attachment for the 5 rectus muscles (and it is where all the rectus muscles originate) | anulus tendineus (common tendonous ring) |
| What nerve occupies most of the common tendinous ring | optic nerve (accompanied by the opthalmic artery) |
| The superior branch of this nerve lies deep to the superior rectus m. and supples the levator palpebrae superioris m. | oculomotor ner |
| this branch of the oculomotor nerve supplies the inferior rectus, oblique and the medial rectus | inferior division of the oculomotor nerve |
| The ciliary ganglion contains (parasympathetics or sympathetics and the cells bodies of (pre or post ) ganglionic fibers | parasym. , postganglionic |
| a primary sign of intracranial pressure is (constriction or dilation) of the pupil | dilation (due to pressure on the oculomotor nerve in which the nerve cannot function to constrict |
| The oculomotor nerve contains parasympathetics that (constrict or dilates) the pupil | constricts |
| This nerve runs through the anulus and ends up on the medial surface of the proximal 1/3 of the lateral rectus m | abducens |
| This nerve is the major sensory nerve to the eyeball | nasocilliary nerve |
| The first branch of the nasocilliary nerve goes to what structure | ciliary ganglion |
| These nerves branch off the nasociliary nerve and supply sensation to the eyeball | long ciliary nerves |
| The (short or long) ciliary nerves contain postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons to the eyeball | short |
| This is another branch of the nasociliary nerve that supplies the skin over the nose | infratrochlear nerve |
| This branch of the nasociliary nerve goes through the anterior thmoidal foramen and supplies the walls of the nasal cavity and the tip of the nose | anterior ethmoidal nerve |
| The outside of the optic nerve is covered by a _______ __________ __________ | thick meningeal sheath |
| Because the optic nerve is covered by 3 meninges this means that _______ ________ ________ extends into the orbit and up to the posterior past of the globe | cerebrospinal fluid |
| If an infection to the eyeball due to a deep penetrating wound is infected, this condition is likely (due to CSF around the optic nerve) | meningitis |
| this is the sole blood supply of the retina | central artery of the retina |
| The opthalmic artery lies (inferolateral or inferomedial) to the optic nerve | inferolateral |
| Occlusion of these vessels wil lead to permanent loss of vision (in that eye) and this is the end artery | central artery of the retina |
| These arteriors supply the remainder of the eyeball, ciliary body and the iris | long and short posterior ciliary arteries and anterior ciliary arteries |
| This is a thick muscle that passes from the brow ridges, superiorly over the frontal bone | frontalis muscle |
| The supraorbital n. a. and v. are lateral to the supratrochlear n. a. and v. True or falso! | true |
| The _________ _______ m surrounds teh eye wit a circular fiber orientation (giving a sphincter like function) | orbicularis oculi |
| The most important function of teh orbicularis oculi is to what? | retain the fluid in the exposed area of the eye and spread it to keep the eye from drying out |
| the _________ _____________ lig attach the oribcularis oculi m and connects the tarsi to the bone | medial palpebral lig. (a lateral exisits too but not as prominent) |
| the __________ __________ is a sheet of connective tissue that connecs the bony margins of the orbit and it has an opening through whihc the globe protrudes. | orbital septum -- it is impt in sheilding the orbital contents from the outside and infection |
| The orbital septum is continuous with this, creating a complete envelope around the orbit | periorbital fascia |
| These condensed fibrous tissues (ontop the orbital septum) stiffen the ipper and lower eyelids | upper and lower tarsus |
| These glands of the eye are located in the upper tarsal plate and have oily secretions | tarsal glands |
| The secretions of the tarsal glands forms a seal b/n what two structures to keep the tears from overflowing | eyelid and surface of eye |
| This sac lies b/n the eyelid and eyeball and keeps the lacrimal fluid (to keep the eye moist) | conjunctival sac |
| The conjunctival sac is lined with conjunctiva, palpebral being on the inner surface of the__________ and the bulbar being on the surface of the _________ | eyelid and eyeball |
| The _________ _______ is the meetin go fthe palpebral and bulbar conjuctiva | conjunctival fornix |
| There are 6-10 of these which connect te lacrimal gland to the superior conjunctival fornix | lacrimal ducts |
| Name the path that tears take after going through the lacrimal ducts/conjunctival sac | puncta ---> lacrimal canaliculi ----> lacrimal sac ----> nasolacrimal duct-->interior meatus of the nasal cavity |
| the inferior oblique m. attaches (anteriorly or posteriorly) and medially to the floor of the orbit and attaches (anterolaterally or posterolaterally) to the eyeball | anterior and posterolaterally |
| these muscles of facial expression are attached to the skin, versus the other striated muscles of the body | Facial musculature |
| What nerve innervates the muscles of the face? | facial nerve (CN 7) |
| Each of the 6 ________ ______ has a mesectodermal portion producing bone as well as a muscular, nerve and aortic arch component | pharyngeal arches |
| This pharygeal arch gives rise to the incus, malleus, masticatory muscles and is associated with the mandibular nerve | first arch, or mandibular arch |
| The ______ pharyngeal arch gives rise to the mimetic muscles, stapes and hyoid bone and is supplied by the facial nerve | second or hyoid arch |
| The ______pharyngeal arch makes the stylopharyngeus muscle and the remaining hyoid bone and is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve | third arch |
| The _______ through _______ pharyngeal arches give rise to the pharynx and larynx and the laryngeal cartilages and are supplied by the vagus nerve | fourth through sixth |
| Why can infection to the superficial face spread rapidly (if it enters the submuscular space) | The cutaneous nature of the facial muscles allows for only a few attachments to the bone, therefore, infection can spread throughout the face, rapidly. |
| The ________ _____muscle runs from the zygomatic process to the corner of the mouth (anterior and inferior) | zygomaticus major |
| This is a square shaped muscle that is not in the superficial layer of the face but is part of the mimetic group | buccinator |
| The _________ duct pierces the buccinator muscle to gain access to the oral cavity at the 2nd upper molar | parotid |
| These are the circumferential muscles of the mouth that are designed to keep the fluid from leaking and closing and pursing the lips | orbicularis oris |
| These muscles move the lips up and down | levator labii superioris and depressor labii inferioris m. |
| These muscles of the lips pull at the corners of the lips, such as in a smile or frown | levator anguli oris and depressor anguli oris |
| This duct lies in the middle of the masseter muscle | parotid |
| How are the facial branches named? name a few | by their region...temporal, zygomatic, buccal, manidibular and cervical |
| This facial artery passes on the lateral aspect of the head, near the ear | superficial temporal artery |
| This artery passes anterior to the masseter muscle adn toward the mouth | facial artery |
| The facial artery gives off these branches to supply the upper and lower lips | superior and inferior labial artery |
| The veins of the transverse facial, facial and superficial temporal arteries are more (straight or tortuous) | straight (arteries are more tortuous and thick) |
| The facial artery and vein terminates as the ______ a. and v. at the bridge of the nose | angular a. and vein |
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