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Chem Theory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are fats called when they are combined with proteins? | Lipoproteins |
| What is VLDL? | Very low density lipoprotein- Carries lipids to tissues |
| What is HDL? | High density lipoprotein- returns stuck pieces back to liver |
| What is LDL? | low density lipoprotein- pieces become stuck along artery walls |
| What kind of cholesterol is desirable to have? | HDL |
| How does the body rid itself of cholesterol? | through bile |
| What does the precipitation of cholesterol in the gall bladder cause? | gall stones |
| What does a cholesterol value of Below 200 mg/dL mean? | desirable |
| What does a cholesterol value of 200-239 mg/dL mean? | borderline |
| What does a cholesterol value of 240 mg/dL and above mean? | high risk- correlated to Coronary artery disease (CAD) |
| What ratio is used to predict the risk of a person getting clogged arteries? | Total/ HDL less than or = 4.5 |
| What function do enzymes play in the body? | catalysts- increase rate of chemical reaction |
| Enzymes are which type of substance? | protein |
| What things can denature(damage) enzymes | heat, strong acid, strong base, vigorous shaking, UV radiation |
| How are enzymes named? | 1st part is name of substrate. 2nd part ends with ase and tells what kind of reaction |
| Where are enzymes normally found? | in intact cells.- Serum levels normally very low |
| What does Amylase do? | digestive enzyme- breaks down starch |
| What disease is Amylase increased? | acute/chronic pancreatitis |
| What does Lipase do? | digestive- breaks down fats |
| What disease is Lipase increased? | acute/chronic pancreatitis |
| Alkaline phosphatase is active in what pH? | High pH. optimum pH 10 |
| What disease is Alkaline phosphatase increased in? | bone and liver |
| Acid phosphatase is active in what pH? | Low pH optimum pH 5 |
| What cancer is acid phosphatase increased in? | prostatic |
| What diseases is SGOT/AST increased in? | heart, muscle, liver, RBC |
| What disease is SGPT/ALT increased in? | Liver |
| What disese is GGTP increased in? | liver and pancreas |
| What is GT/GGT sensitive to? | Alcohol- parallels ALKP |
| CPK is found in which tissues? | heart, muscle, brain and lung |
| What is CPK the fastest rising in? | Myocardial Infarction |
| What is CK1 isoenzyme and which tissue is it from? | BB chain- brain and lung |
| What is CK2 isoenzyme and which tissue is it from? | MB chain- heart- MI |
| What is CK3 isoenzyme and which tissue is it from? | MM chain- muscle |
| LDH remains elevated longest in what? | MI |
| How are isoenzymes separated? | electrophoresis |
| Which 2 enzymes are ordered together to evaluate pancreatic function? | amaylase and lipase |
| Which test are in a cardiac profile? | CPK, Troponin I and Troponin T |
| Which tests are in a liver profile? | ALKP, GGTP, AST, ALT and LDH |
| Which is the most sensitive of the liver enzymes? | GGTP |
| What 4 things does an accurate chemical analysis depend on? | 1.Proper collection 2. Preservation 3. Processing 4. Method of analysis |
| What is the ideal time for lab measurements to be performed? | One hour |
| What sample is most often used for chemical analysis? | Serum- fasting |
| What is the difference between plasma and serum? | Plasma- liquid portion contains fibrinogen/ clotting factors. Serum- liquid portion W fibrinogen/clotting factors removed |
| What is the thixotropic gel used for? | prevents shifts of substances and prevents glycolosis |
| What Vacutainer is used to collect serum and why? | gold/red- no anticoagulant |
| How is a gold top tube processed? | clot upright at least 30 minutes no more than 60. centrifuge at least 15 minutes within 1 hour of collection |
| What is a hemolyzed serum? | serum or plasma that is clear red |
| What is Icteric | hyperbilirubinemia- jaundice- serum/plasmais brownish yellow |
| What is lipemic? | serum or plasma is milky white- may be drawn to soon after a meal |
| What is accuracy? | true or actual value |
| What is precision? | repeatability- ability to get the same answer again |
| What is batch or run? | specimens analyzed at the same time |
| What is calibrator? | used to set machine values |
| What is control? | Must fall within an acceptable range before pt samples are run |
| What four things does the control check for? | Everything- instrument working, strips/ control reagent, technique and environment |
| What is duplicate determination? | 1 of specimen is measured twice. Checks persicion |
| What are the NPN compounds? | Urea creatinine uric acid amonina creatine amino acid |
| What is urea the breakdown product of? | Protein |
| What does BUN stand for? | Blood urea nitrogen |
| What 2 things affect serum BUN? | protein in diet and urine volume |
| What causes increased BUN in pre renal? | Dehydration |
| What causes increased BUN in renal? | glomerulonephritis- cant filter |
| What causes increased BUN in post renal? | Kindey stones and enlarged prostate |
| What is azotemia? | increase in NPN's in the blood, acidosis, water electrolyte imbalance and death |
| What does creatine and phosphocreatine break down into? | creatinine- waste product |
| Where does creatine and phosphocreatine break down? | muscle |
| What are two tests to assess kidney function? | B1 and creatine |
| What is uric acid the break down product of? | nucleic acids |
| Which foods are high in purines? | meat |
| When is uric acid increased in the serum? | gout |
| Where is ammonia made? | bacteria in intestine |
| What are amino acids? | building blocks of protein |
| What is the function of ALbumin protein fraction? | maintains normal blood volume |
| What is the function of Fibrinogen protein fraction? | necessary for clotting |
| What is the function of Gamma globulins protein fraction? | Antibodies |
| What does TSP stand for? | Total serum protein |
| What is a normal A/G ratio result? | 1.0-2.5 |
| What is electrophoresis? | Used to separate protein into specific fractions by movement of charged particles in an electric field |
| What is glycoogen? | Storage form of glucose |
| What is glycogenesis? | Formation of glycogen from glucose |
| What is glycogenolysis? | breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| What is glycolysis? | glucose changed to give energy |
| What is gluconeogenesis? | new glucose formation |
| Where is glycogen made and stored? | made in liver- stored in liver/muscle |
| Where is insulin made? | made in beta cells of the islets of langerhans. in pancreas |
| What does insulin do? | stimulates the transport of glucose through cell membrane |
| Where are ketone bodies made? | in the liver |
| What are ketone bodies made from? | made from excess fatty acids |
| What is ketoacidosis? | blood pH less that 7.35 due to ketone bodies |
| Which type of diabetes has a tendency to get ketoacidosis? | type 1 |
| Which type of diabetes may be controlled by diet alone? | Type 2 |
| What do diabetes metabolize instead of glucose? | lipids, fats, triglycerides |
| What is retinopathy? | sclerosis- hardening of blood vessels in eye |
| What are some complications of diabetes? | aterosclerosis CAD peripherial vascular disease poor wound healing neuropathy susceptiable to infection |
| What samples are taken for the OGTT? | fasting, 1,2,3 hours after glucose |
| How is the 2 hours postprandial glucose test done? | after meal |
| What does the Hb-A1c test measure? | hemoglobin A1 combined with glucose |
| What is the advantage of the Hb-A1c/glycosylated hemoglobin test? | reflects the blood glucose over a 3 month period. Normal is 4-6% |
Created by:
lecopple1
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